DRF(Django rest_framework)中主要的类视图

DRF类视图简介

一、DRF类视图的两个基类

1.1 APIView

# rest_framework.views.APIView
# 源码
def as_view(cls, **initkwargs):
	pass
def get_authenticators(self):
	pass
def get_throttles(self):
	pass
...

主要实现
APIException异常捕获
authentication_classes(,)/[ ] 用于身份认证
permission_classes(,)/[ ] 权限检查
throttle_classes(,)/[ ] 流量控制
没有实现
get()/post()/delete()/update()的封装
数据库的查询集/序列化器的指定
Request
Response 需要导入rest_framework.response

class UserNameCheckView(APIView):
    """用户名是否已经存在"""
    # GET usernames/(?P\w{5,20})/count/
    def get(self, request, username):
        # 查询数据库，判断username是否存在
        count = User.objects.filter(username=username).count()
        # JSON username， count
        data = {
            'username': username,
            'count': count
        }
        return Response(data)

1.2 GenericAPIView

# rest_framework.generic.GenericAPIView
# 源码
	# 指定查询集
	queryset = None
	# 指定序列化器
    serializer_class = None
    # 获得查询集
    def get_queryset(self):
       pass
    # 获得查询对象
    def get_object(self):
        pass
    # 获得序列化器
    def get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs):
        pass
    def get_serializer_class(self):
        pass
    def get_serializer_context(self):
        pass
   ....

主要实现查询集和序列化器指定
serializer_class 指明视图使用的序列化器（只能指明一个）
get_serializer_class(self) 通过函数的形式根据条件，返回指定的序列化器（有选择的返回）
get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs) 返回序列化对象 注意
queryset 指定使用的查询集
get_queryset(self) 返回指定的查询集
get_object(self) 返回模型类对象，如果不存在响应404
pagination_class 指明分页控制类
filter_backends 过滤控制后端
没有实现
get()/post()/delete()/update()的封装

# 通常搭配Mixin使用列子在扩展类中一起列举

二、五个扩展类

这五个扩展类本质是Mixin类，封装筛选、序列化过程(get()/post()/delete()/update()…的封装)，封装并返回响应等，需要搭配GenericAPIView使用，继承查询集和序列化指定，封装响应

# 2.1 ListModelMixin 列表视图扩展类 -- list
# 源码
class ListModelMixin(object):
    """
    List a queryset.
    """
    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())

        page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
        if page is not None:
            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)

        serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)
# 2.2	RetrieveModelMixin 详情视图扩展类 -- Retrieve
# 源码
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
    """
    Retrieve a model instance.
    """
    def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        instance = self.get_object()
        serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
        return Response(serializer.data)
# 2.3 CreateModelMixin 创建视图扩展类 -- Create
# 源码
class CreateModelMixin(object):
    """
    Create a model instance.
    """
    def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        self.perform_create(serializer)
        headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)

    def perform_create(self, serializer):
        serializer.save()

    def get_success_headers(self, data):
        try:
            return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
        except (TypeError, KeyError):
            return {}
2.4 UpdateModelMixin 更新视图扩展类
2.5 DestoryModelMixin 删除视图扩展类

可以看出Mixin扩展类中主要实现了调用查询集，序列化器做相应的序列化或者反序列化。所以依赖GenericAPIView提供的指定查询集和序列化器的方法，同时GenericAPIView也依赖于Mixin扩展类提供的action方法实现响应的功能，所以类视图结合两者就产生了。

3、五个扩展类 + GenericAPIView ==> 类视图

只需要指定查询集和序列化器

# 3.1 ListAPIView
# 源码
class ListAPIView(mixins.ListModelMixin,
                  GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for listing a queryset.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
# 3.2	RetrieveAPIView
# 源码
class RetrieveAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                      GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for retrieving a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
# 3.3	CreateAPIView
# 源码
class CreateAPIView(mixins.CreateModelMixin,
                    GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for creating a model instance.
    """
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
# 3.4 UpdateAPIView
...
# 3.5 DestoryAPIView
...
# 3.6 RetrieveUpdateAPIView
class RetrieveUpdateAPIView(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                            mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
                            GenericAPIView):
    """
    Concrete view for retrieving, updating a model instance.
    """
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.partial_update(request, *args, **kwargs)
3.7 RetrieveUpdataDestoryAPIView
...

综上：最后通过封装得到的ListAPIVIew/RetrieveAPIView/UpdateAPIView/DestroyAPIView/CreateAPIView作为我们常用的API接口基类。思考：我们到此仅仅每个API类中只有一种操作，要么List要么Create，有没有一个定义多种操作的类呢？肯定有的下一篇的视图集应运而生。