Linux进程（之）进程切换函数switch_to()解析

进程切换过程是由一段汇编代码switch_to完成，主要功能是保存当前进程的esp和eip，恢复切换到的进程的esp和eip。
关于C内嵌汇编的使用，可以参见： http://www.ibiblio.org/gferg/ldp/GCC-Inline-Assembly-HOWTO.html

其调用过程如下：

switch_to(prev, next, prev);
barrier();
finish_task_switch(this_rq(), prev);

从上面代码可以看出，保证进程被切换回来后，prev是一个正确值也是switch_to需要考虑的问题。
如： A=>B, B=>C, C=>A
若不进行处理时，在进程A被切换出去，再切换回来后，prev指向的是A。
而期望的值为C，这样才能对C做进一步的清理工作。

swith_to代码如下：

#define switch_to(prev,next,last) do {					\
	unsigned long esi,edi;						\
	asm volatile("pushfl\n\t"		/* Save flags */	\
		     "pushl %%ebp\n\t"					\
		     "movl %%esp,%0\n\t"	/* save ESP */		\
		     "movl %5,%%esp\n\t"	/* restore ESP */	\
		     "movl $1f,%1\n\t"		/* save EIP */		\
		     "pushl %6\n\t"		/* restore EIP */	\
		     "jmp __switch_to\n"				\
		     "1:\t"						\
		     "popl %%ebp\n\t"					\
		     "popfl"						\
		     :"=m" (prev->thread.esp),"=m" (prev->thread.eip),	\
		      "=a" (last),"=S" (esi),"=D" (edi)			\
		     :"m" (next->thread.esp),"m" (next->thread.eip),	\
		      "2" (prev), "d" (next));				\
} while (0)

下面对A=>B, B=>C, C=>A的切换过程中，进程A的相关处理过程进行分析：

A=>B : switch_to(A, B, A)
1. pushfl
2. pushl %%ebp
   pushl %ebp
3. movl %%esp,%0
   movl %esp (A->thread.esp)
4. movl $1f,%1
   movl $1f, (A->thread.eip)

C=>A: switch_to(C, A,  C)
5. movl %5,%%esp
   movl (A->thread.esp) %esp
6. pushl %6
   pushl (A->thread.eip)
7. jmp __switch_to
   __switch_to(%eax(C), %edx(A))
   ret #popl %eip(A->thread.eip <=> $1f)
8. popl %%ebp
   popl %ebp
9. popfl
10. "=m" (prev->thread.esp),"=m" (prev->thread.eip)
    movl %esp, (A->thread.esp)
    movl %eip, (A->thread.eip)
11. "=a" (last),"=S" (esi),"=D" (edi)
    movl %eax(C), (last)(<=>prev)
    movl %esi, (esi)
    movl %edi, (edi)

注意这里的10和11两步：
在A的栈中，prev与next的值是在A=>B时赋予的，所以prev=A, next=B；
10这条语句更新的是A的thread相关字段
11这条语句执行后， prev=last=C，好做进一步处理

疑点：关于esi, edi两个变量的作用，还没有弄明白！

整理后的切换流程如下：

A=>B
pushfl
pushl %ebp
movl %esp (A->thread.esp)
movl $1f, (A->thread.eip)

C=>A
movl (A->thread.esp) %esp
pushl (A->thread.eip)
call __switch_to(C, A)
popl %eip
popl %ebp
popfl
movl %esp (A->thread.esp)
movl %eip (A->thread.eip)
movl (C) (last)