有关岩土工程和人文环境的讨论
有关岩土工程和人文环境的讨论
- 写作缘由
- 案例一：比萨斜塔
- 比萨斜塔配图
- 比萨斜塔配文
- 简介
- Timeline
- 关于简介和时间线的说明
- 比萨斜塔和岩土工程的爱恨情仇
- 比萨斜塔倾斜过程全览
- 比萨斜塔的稳定性分析
- 类似案例
- Asia
- Europe
- North America
- Oceania
- 案例二：港珠澳大桥
- 配图
- 港珠澳大桥和岩土工程的关系（配文）
写作缘由
今天同组的师兄（年龄上算，尊称）过来说想写一个岩土工程和人文环境相关的讨论，可把我的头都愁大了，对于一个队岩土世界依旧非常不熟悉的岩土小学生来说，这样的任务可谓是让我盲人摸象，实在难以纵览全局，得到完整的思考。解决这个任务的办法也有吧，几经思考，我觉得找一下些国内外有名的案例，而且在这些案例中岩土工程在其中表演了一些精彩的角色，可以大概满足要求吧。
案例一：比萨斜塔
师兄早上过来的时候恰好就举了这个例子，在这个例子里，结构工程的同行们大可以松一口气，毕竟是地基的锅，如果要插入PPT的话，我想我应该写一些文字和配图：
比萨斜塔配图
比萨斜塔配文
简介
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa) or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt to one side. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in Pisa’s Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo) after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. The tower’s tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure’s weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed, and gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.1
Timeline
On January 5, 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell’Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower.
On August 9, 1173, the foundations of the Tower were laid.
Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote : “Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in [this] year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa.”
Giorgio Vasari indicates that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370.
On December 27, 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower.
On February 23, 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni, a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore, was elected to oversee the building of the Tower.
On April 12, 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco.2
关于简介和时间线的说明
很遗憾的是，在大陆现在无法登陆维基百科，即脚注 1所示网站，不得已通过其他网站（脚注2）访问了相关的内容。
比萨斜塔和岩土工程的爱恨情仇
（先贴一张查找文献的过程中看到的图）
比萨斜塔倾斜过程全览
比萨斜塔几个世纪以来的倾斜是缓慢的，它和它地基下方的土层实际上达到了某种程度上的平衡。在建造的第一阶段第3层结束时，钟塔向北倾斜约1/4°，在第二阶段由于纠偏过度，1278年第7层完成时反而向南倾斜约0.6°，1360年建造顶层钟房时增加到1.6°。1817年，两位英国学者Cresy和Taylor用铅垂线测量倾斜，那时的结果是5°。1550年Giorgio
Vasari的勘测与1817年Cresy和Taylor的勘测之间相隔267年，倾斜仅增加了5厘米。因此人们也没有对斜塔进行特意的维修。
加速倾斜原因
然而1838年的一次工程导致了比萨斜塔突然加速倾斜，人们不得不采取紧急维护措施。当时建筑师Alessandro della
Gherardesca在原本密封的斜塔地基周围进行了挖掘，以探究地基的形态，揭示圆柱柱础和地基台阶是否与设想的相同。这一行为使得斜塔失去了原有的平衡，地基开始开裂，最严重的是发生了地下水涌入的现象。这次工程后的勘测结果表明倾斜加剧了20厘米，而此前267年的倾斜总和不过5厘米。
1838年的工程结束以后，比萨斜塔的加速倾斜又持续了几年，然后又趋于平稳，减少到每年倾斜约1毫米。而现在塔身偏离“自然姿势”已有5米多。
维修
因为比萨斜塔的倾斜和它同时具有的美丽，从1173年建造伊始至今，它一直受到人们的关注。在建造过程中，起初人们先是采用特殊的建筑设备试图阻止倾斜的继续，其后又替换掉柱子和其他破损的部件，现在人们又在地基间插入材料，大大地减少了倾斜程度，保证塔楼能够维持更长时间而不倒塌。
进入20世纪以后，随着科学技术的发展和政府部门的投入，对比萨斜塔维护的研究工作有了进展，专家成立委员会评估任何一个可能导致倾斜加剧的危险可能性，并研发阻止继续倾斜直至逆转倾斜的方法。
由于倾斜程度过于危险，比萨斜塔曾在1990年1月7日停止向游客开放，经过12年的修缮，耗资约2500万，斜塔被扶正44厘米，基本达到了预期的效果。专家认为，只要不出现不可抗拒的自然因素，经过修复的比萨斜塔，300年内将不会倒塌。2001年12月15日起再次向游人开放。
意大利比萨斜塔在经过了11年的持续维修之后倾斜度得到了恢复，而之后一个10人组成的强力修复小组又开始用激光、凿子等清洗塔身，耗时八年零三个月的“美白”和“矫正”，24424块石头焕然一新，比萨斜塔恢复了昔日风貌。
耗时11年 变得没那么斜
据英国媒体14日报道，高约56米的比萨斜塔耗费了177年才得以完工，因为地基较浅且地下土壤不稳定发生地陷的缘故，它呈现出标志性的倾斜，斜塔之前与垂直线之间的角度为5.5度。从1990年至2001年，持续了11年的修复工作帮助比萨斜塔稳住了倾斜度，塔身倾斜度从原来的5.5度挺直为现在的3.99度。
用8年 洗净2万多石头
由于比萨斜塔距离地中海较近，频繁的暴雨袭击让重达14500吨的塔身受损和褪色。从2001年开始，一个10人的强力修复小组开始利用激光、凿子和注射器清洗塔身，他们花费了八年零三个月的时间，清洗了24424块石头才让这座独立的七层钟楼看起来焕然一新。
修复小组的负责人安东·萨特说：“石头的状况非常糟糕，主要是空气污染导致的，游人和鸽子也要负上一定的责任。因为塔身倾斜的缘故，导致风和雨水带来的海盐汇集在某个地方，毁坏了很多石头。我们已经取出了过去修复所使用的混凝土，并将鸽子弄脏的地方、乱涂乱画的痕迹以及游人们在攀爬旋梯时留下的手印清理干净了。”
今后200年 都无需再加固。
修复者们通过从基座的一侧移去土壤以帮助比萨斜塔稳住倾斜的身姿，他们自信地认为，今后两个世纪都无需再对其进行加固。
在之前纠正倾斜角度的过程中，比萨斜塔开始不对公众开放。从2001年开始，斜塔正式对外开放，为了讨好游客，管理方甚至在后续修复过程继续保持开放状态，因为修复费用高达600万欧元，此举也是为了从售票中获取收益以维持开支。比萨斜塔每年会吸引100万的游人前来参观。 3
比萨斜塔的稳定性分析
这里用简明扼要的几张图说明了比萨斜塔的具体参数和理论分析方法，当然J.B.Burland.etc4除了理论推导之外，也进行了离心机试验，其论文与结果恰好满足了我们所有关于比萨斜塔的好奇心，也完成了我们关心的比萨斜塔成因的力学分析这一块儿，其中地基失稳，土力学相关的内容，自然是和岩土工程息息相关密不可分的。
类似案例
我做了一个类似案例的列表供参考，成因大同小异，基本都应该归结于和岩土工程强相关的范围里。
Asia
China
The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Xi'an
The Huzhu Pagoda of Tianma Mountain near Shanghai
The Huqiu Tower in Suzhou (Jiangsu)
The deliberately tilted Iron Tower of Yuquan Temple (Hubei)
Qianwei's Leaning Tower in Suizhong County (Liaoning)
China Hong Kong
The pair of towers of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor
India
Golden Pillar in Ettumanur temple
The Leaning Temple of Huma, Sambalpur, India
Ratneshwar Mahadev temple, Varanasi, India
Iraq
The 12th century Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, destroyed in 2017.
Malaysia
A clock and water tower in the Teluk Intan town in Perak
Philippines
Bombon, Camarines Sur Parish Church Bell Tower
United Arab Emirates
The Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi – “World’s furthest leaning man-made tower.” (2010)
Europe
Belgium
The Belfry of Bruges
Czech Republic
The tower of the Nanebevzetí Panny Marie church in Ústí nad Labem
Denmark
Bella Sky Hotel in Copenhagen
France
La tour penchée, Oye-Plage, Pas-de-Calais
Germany
The Metzgerturm[1] in Ulm
The Neuer Zollhof in Düsseldorf
The Reichenturm in Bautzen
The Leaning Tower of Suurhusen (Schiefer Turm von Suurhusen) (according to Guinness World Records the most tilted tower in the world)
The Leaning Tower of Dausenau (Schiefer Turm von Dausenau) (also contending for the "most leaning tower in the world")
The 14th-century bell tower of the Church of Our Dear Lady in Bad Frankenhausen
Hungary
Szécsény Firewatch Tower, leaning 3 degrees
Ireland
The Round Tower of Kilmacduagh Monastery in Gort, County Galway
Italy
The Campanile of Duomo di Caorle
The Campanile of Cathedral of Pisa (known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa), Pisa
The Campanile of Duomo di Portogruaro
The Campanile of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice
The Campanile of San Martino church on the island of Burano, Venice
The Campanile of San Michele degli Scalzi, Pisa
The Campanile of San Nicola, Pisa
The Campanile of Santo Stefano in Venice
St Mark's Campanile
Torre delle Milizie, Rome
The Two Towers, Bologna (Asinelli and Garisenda towers]] in Bologna)
Netherlands
The tower of the St. Walfriduskerk in Bedum
The tower of the Oude Kerk in Delft
The tower of the Central Church of Dordrecht
The Oldehove in Leeuwarden
The Martinitoren in Groningen
The tower of the Catharinakerk in Acquoy
The tower of the Domkerk in De Lier
The tower of the church in Loenen aan de Vecht
Poland
The Krzywa Wieża (Leaning Tower) in Toruń
The Krzywa Wieża (Leaning Tower) in Ząbkowice Śląskie
The Baszta Sowia (Owl's Tower) in Pyrzyce
Romania
The St. Margaret Evangelic church Tower in Medias
The church tower of the Evangelic Church in Ruși-Slimnic
Russia
The Leaning Tower of Nevyansk
The Sobornaya Belltower in Solikamsk
The Söyembikä Tower in Kazan
Serbia
Church of St. Anthony of Padua in Zvezdara municipality, Belgrade
Slovakia
The tower of the Church of Saint Martin in Vrbové in Slovakia is known as the "Slovak Pisa".
Spain
The Gate of Europe in Madrid, the first inclined skyscrapers in the world
Mudéjar Tower of San Pedro del los Francos, Catalayud, Aragon
The demolished Leaning Tower of Zaragoza, was, while it existed, the most famous Spanish leaning tower.
United Kingdom
The southeast tower of Caerphilly Castle, Wales
The Albert Memorial Clock in Belfast, Northern Ireland
The great tower of Bridgnorth Castle, in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire
The tower of Temple Church in Bristol, England
The Greyfriars Tower – the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King's Lynn, England
The spire of the Church of St Mary and All Saints, Chesterfield[3]
The tower of St Martin's Church at Cwmyoy, Monmouthshire, Wales.
The tower and spire of St Laurence's Church, Surfleet, Lincolnshire, England
Bateman's Tower in Brightlingsea, Essex, England.
Elizabeth Tower, London[4]
2 Adelaide St (multi-purpose building with Bank of Ireland as anchor tenant), Belfast, Northern Ireland.
North America
The Olympic Stadium in Montreal, with the tallest deliberately leaning tower.
Canada
The Olympic Stadium Tower, Montréal, Québec
The Saint-Léonard Tower (and associated public market), Saint-Léonard, Québec[5] (demolished)
Vancouver House, formerly called Beach and Howe, design by BIG to be cut to avoid a freeway, that gives the appearance of leaning. [6]
United States
The Leaning Tower of Niles, in Niles, Illinois; a replica of the Leaning Tower of Pisa
The "Leaning Tower of Patchogue," a nickname given to the former PD Tower at the LIRR station in Patchogue, New York; it was demolished in 2006
The Leaning Water Tower, in Groom, Texas
The Ocean Tower, in South Padre Island, Texas (demolished)
The Millennium Tower in San Francisco; an examination in 2016 showed the building had sunk 16 inches, with a two-inch tilt towards the north west
Sharps Island Light, 3 miles off the southern end of Tilghman Island, in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay, has been leaning 15° since it was damaged by an ice floe in 1977
The Veer Towers at CityCenter, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada
Oceania
Australia
The Leaning Tower of Gingin at the Gravity Discovery Centre
New Zealand
The Hotel Grand Chancellor, Christchurch (demolished)
The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in Puzzling World
案例二：港珠澳大桥
作为一个跨海大桥，集聚工程，政治，人文于一身，并且海底段肯定更是和岩土工程密不可分，难以分割。用来做一些岩土工程和人文的思辨比较合适，但由于其天生带有的政治性，在文章里避开不谈即可，我们这里只关注其和岩土工程以及自身作为人文景观的联系。
配图
港珠澳大桥和岩土工程的关系（配文）
朱永灵等5详细描述了港珠澳大桥的相关内容，这里截取关键图片进行描述，详细内容见脚注5。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa ↩︎ ↩︎
https://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Leaning+Tower+of+Pisa ↩︎ ↩︎
https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/369518795003337404.html ↩︎
Burland, J.B., M. Jamiolkowski and C. Viggiani, The stabilisation of the leaning Tower of Pisa. Soils and Foundations, 2003. 43(5): p. 63-80. ↩︎
Zhu, Y., et al., The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge. Engineering, 2019. 5(1): p. 10-14. ↩︎ ↩︎