httpd(hyper text transfer protocol)是apache超文本传输协议(HTTP)服务器的主程序。被设计为一个独立运行的后台进程,它会建立一个处理请求的子进程或线程的池。
https(hyper text transfer protocol ssl/tls)。里面的ssl就是openssl生成的证书。
通常,httpd不应该被直接调用,而应该在类Unix系统中由apachectl调用,在windows中作为服务运行。
本文主要介绍httpd的两大版本,httpd-2.2和httpd-2.4。
版本 | 特性 |
---|---|
2.2 | 事先创建进程。按需维持适当的进程。模块化设计,核心比较小,各种功能通过模块添加(包括PHP),支持运行时配置,支持单独编译模块。支持多种方式的虚拟主机配置,如基于ip的虚拟主机,基于端口的虚拟主机,基于域名的虚拟主机等。支持https协议(通过mod_ssl模块实现)。支持用户认证。支持基于IP或域名的ACL访问控制机制。支持每目录的访问控制(用户访问默认主页时不需要提供用户名和密码,但是用户访问某特定目录时需要提供用户名和密码)。支持URL重写。支持MPM(Multi Path Modules,多处理模块)。用于定义httpd的工作模型(单进程、单进程多线程、多进程、多进程单线程、多进程多线程) |
2.4 | httpd-2.4的新特性:MPM支持运行DSO机制(Dynamic Share Object,模块的动态装/卸载机制),以模块形式按需加载。支持event MPM,eventMPM模块生产环境可用。支持异步读写。支持每个模块及每个目录分别使用各自的日志级别。每个请求相关的专业配置,使用来配置。增强版的表达式分析器。支持毫秒级的keepalive timeout。基于FQDN的虚拟主机不再需要NameVirtualHost指令。支持用户自定义变量。支持新的指令(AllowOverrideList)。降低对内存的消耗 |
工作模型 | 工作方式 |
---|---|
prefork | 多进程模型,预先生成进程,一个请求用一个进程响应。一个主进程负责生成n个子进程,子进程也称为工作进程。每个子进程处理一个用户请求,即使没有用户请求,也会预先生成多个空闲进程,随时等待请求到达,最大不会超过1024个 |
worker | 基于线程工作,一个请求用一个线程响应(启动多个进程,每个进程生成多个线程) |
event | 基于事件的驱动,一个进程处理多个请求 |
模块 | 功能 |
---|---|
mod_proxy_fcgi | 反向代理时支持apache服务器后端协议的模块 |
mod_ratelimit | 提供速率限制功能的模块 |
mod_remoteip | 基于ip的访问控制机制被改变,不再支持使用Order,Deny,Allow来做基于IP的访问控制 |
工具 | 功能 |
---|---|
htpasswd | basic认证基于文件实现时,用到的帐号密码生成工具 |
apachectl | httpd自带的服务控制脚本,支持start,stop,restart |
apxs | 由httpd-devel包提供的,扩展httpd使用第三方模块的工具 |
rotatelogs | 日志滚动工具 |
suexec | 访问某些有特殊权限配置的资源时,临时切换至指定用户运行的工具 |
ab | apache benchmark,httpd的压力测试工具 |
文件/目录 | 对应的功能 |
---|---|
/var/log/httpd/access.log | 访问日志 |
/var/log/httpd/error_log | 错误日志 |
/var/www/html/ | 站点文档目录 |
/usr/lib64/httpd/modules/ | 模块文件路径 |
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf | 主配置文件 |
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/*.conf | 模块配置文件 |
/etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf | 辅助配置文件 |
mpm:以DSO机制提供,配置文件为/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf
curl是基于URL语法在命令行方式下工作的文件传输工具,它支持FTP,FTPS,HTTP,HTTPS,GOPHER,TELNET,DICT,FILE及LDAP等协议。
curl支持以下功能:
//语法:curl [options] [URL ...]
//常用的options:
-A/--user-agent //设置用户代理发送给服务器
-basic //使用Http基本认证
--tcp-nodelay //使用TCP_NODELAY选项
-e/--referer //来源网址
--cacert //CA证书(SSL)
--compressed //要求返回时压缩的格式
-H/--header //自定义请求首部信息传递给服务器
-I/--head //只显示响应报文首部信息
--limit-rate //设置传输速度
-u/--user //设置服务器的用户和密码
-0/--http1 //使用http 1.0版本,默认使用1.1版本。这个选项是数字0而不是字母o
-o/--output //把输出写到文件中
-#/--progress-bar //进度条显示当前的传送状态
//通过curl下载文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls
[root@localhost ~]# curl -o myblog.html http://blog.51cto.com/itchentao
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 67025 0 67025 0 0 87248 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 87385
[root@localhost ~]# ls
myblog.html
//语法:httpd [options]
//常用的options:
-l //查看静态编译的模块,列出核心中编译了哪些模块。 \
//它不会列出使用LoadModule指令动态加载的模块
-M //输出一个已经启用的模块列表,包括静态编译在服务 \
//器中的模块和作为DSO动态加载的模块
-v //显示httpd的版本,然后退出
-V //显示httpd和apr/apr-util的版本和编译参数,然后退出
-X //以调试模式运行httpd。仅启动一个工作进程,并且 \
//服务器不与控制台脱离
-t //检查配置文件是否有语法错误
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -l
Compiled in modules:
core.c
mod_so.c
http_core.c
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -M
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
so_module (static)
http_module (static)
access_compat_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
allowmethods_module (shared)
auth_basic_module (shared)
......
......
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -v
Server version: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Server built: Jun 27 2018 13:48:59
[root@localhost ~]# httpd -V
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using localhost.localdomain. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Server version: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Server built: Jun 27 2018 13:48:59
Server's Module Magic Number: 20120211:24
Server loaded: APR 1.4.8, APR-UTIL 1.5.2
Compiled using: APR 1.4.8, APR-UTIL 1.5.2
Architecture: 64-bit
Server MPM: prefork
threaded: no
forked: yes (variable process count)
Server compiled with....
-D APR_HAS_SENDFILE
-D APR_HAS_MMAP
-D APR_HAVE_IPV6 (IPv4-mapped addresses enabled)
-D APR_USE_SYSVSEM_SERIALIZE
-D APR_USE_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE
-D SINGLE_LISTEN_UNSERIALIZED_ACCEPT
-D APR_HAS_OTHER_CHILD
-D AP_HAVE_RELIABLE_PIPED_LOGS
-D DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT=256
-D HTTPD_ROOT="/etc/httpd"
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/sbin/suexec"
-D DEFAULT_PIDLOG="/run/httpd/httpd.pid"
-D DEFAULT_SCOREBOARD="logs/apache_runtime_status"
-D DEFAULT_ERRORLOG="logs/error_log"
-D AP_TYPES_CONFIG_FILE="conf/mime.types"
-D SERVER_CONFIG_FILE="conf/httpd.conf"
httpd依赖于apr-1.4+,apr-util-1.4+,[apr-icon]
apr:apache portable runtime
//安装开发环境
[root@localhost ~]# yum groups mark install "Development Tools"
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd -r apache
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -g apache apache
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package openssl-devel.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-12.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: openssl-libs(x86-64) = 1:1.0.2k-12.el7 for package: 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-12.el7.x86_64
......
......
libselinux-utils.x86_64 0:2.5-12.el7 libsepol.x86_64 0:2.5-8.1.el7
libss.x86_64 0:1.42.9-12.el7_5 openssl.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-12.el7
openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-12.el7
Complete!
//下载并安装apr-1.4+和apr-util-1.4+
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# ls
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz debug kernels
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# ls
apr-1.6.5 apr-1.6.5.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz debug kernels
[root@localhost src]# cd apr-1.6.5
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
cfgfile="${ofile}T"
trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
# $RM "$cfgfile" //将此行加上注释,或者删除此行
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
配置过程略...
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...
[root@localhost apr-1.6.5]# cd /usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
配置过程略...
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...
//编译安装httpd
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# cd httpd-2.4.38
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.38]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.38]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...
切换使用MPM(编辑/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf文件):
//LoadModule mpm_NAME_module modules/mod_mpm_NAME.so
//NAME有三种,分别是:
prefork
event
worker
[root@localhost conf.modules.d]# pwd
/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d
[root@localhost conf.modules.d]# ls
00-base.conf 00-lua.conf 00-proxy.conf 01-cgi.conf
00-dav.conf 00-mpm.conf 00-systemd.conf
[root@localhost conf.modules.d]# vim 00-mpm.conf
# Select the MPM module which should be used by uncommenting exactly
# one of the following LoadModule lines:
# prefork MPM: Implements a non-threaded, pre-forking web server
# See: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/prefork.html
LoadModule mpm_prefork_module modules/mod_mpm_prefork.so
访问控制法则:
法则 | 功能 |
---|---|
Require all granted | 允许所有主机访问 |
Require all deny | 拒绝所有主机访问 |
Require ip IPADDR | 授权指定来源地址的主机访问 |
Require not ip IPADDR | 拒绝指定来源地址的主机访问 |
Require host HOSTNAME | 授权指定来源主机名的主机访问 |
Require not host HOSTNAME | 拒绝指定来源主机名的主机访问 |
IPADDR类型 | HOSTNAME的类型 |
---|---|
IP:192.168.1.1;Network/mask:192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0;Network/Length:192.168.1.0/24;Net:192.168 | FQDN:特定主机的全名;DOMAIN:指定域内的所有主机 |
注意:httpd-2.4版本默认是拒绝所有主机访问的,所以安装以后必须做显示授权访问
示例:
Require not ip 192.168.1.20
Require all granted
虚拟主机:
有以下三类:
//设置主机名
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
......
ServerAdmin root@localhost
#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
ServerName www.example.com:80 //取消此行前面的#号
......
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
//在配置文件的最后加上如下内容
[root@localhost ~]# tail -25 /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
#virtual host 1 # 虚拟主机1的配置
ServerName www.wangqing.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/www"
ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/www/error_log"
CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/www/access_log" combined
Require all granted
Require not ip 192.168.1
# virtual host 2 # 虚拟主机2的配置
ServerName blog.wangqing.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/blog"
ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/blog/error_log"
CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/blog/access_log" combined
Require all granted
//创建网页目录并修改属主属组
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@localhost html]# ls
[root@localhost html]# mkdir www blog
[root@localhost html]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 16:56 blog
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 16:56 www
[root@localhost html]# chown -R apache.apache blog
[root@localhost html]# chown -R apache.apache www
[root@localhost html]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 apache apache 6 Aug 5 16:56 blog
drwxr-xr-x 2 apache apache 6 Aug 5 16:56 www
//创建网页
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/var/www/html
[root@localhost html]# ls
blog www
[root@localhost html]# echo 'hello welcome to visit www' > www/index.html
[root@localhost html]# echo 'hello welcome to visit blog' > blog/index.html
//创建相应网页的日志目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /var/log/httpd/{www,blog}
[root@localhost ~]# ll /var/log/httpd/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 09:11 blog
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 09:11 www
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R apache.apache /var/log/httpd/
//启动服务并查看是否有80端口
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
//在客户机上验证
1.修改hosts文件
~ cat /etc/hosts
##
# Host Database
#
# localhost is used to configure the loopback interface
# when the system is booting. Do not change this entry.
##
127.0.0.1 localhost
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1 localhost
118.31.33.0 zabbix.forevercq.com
0.0.0.0 account.jetbrains.com
//添加以下2行
172.16.12.128 www.wangqing.com
172.16.12.128 blog.wangqing.com
2.在浏览器上打开网页测试
ssl:启用模块:编辑/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-base.conf文件,添加下面这行,如果已经有了但是注释了,则取消注释即可
LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
配置https步骤:
生成证书(参考博客linux运维系列第6章)
配置httpd.conf,取消以下内容的注释
LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so
Include /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
Include /etc/httpd24/extra/httpd-ssl.conf
在httpd-vhosts.conf中配置虚拟主机
在httpd-ssl.conf中配置证书的位置
检查配置文件是否有语法错误
启动或重启服务
设置hosts以便用域名访问(仅学习阶段,企业实际工作中无需做此步。)
//1.在官网下载新版本升级至2.4.41
wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.41.tar.gz
//2.解压文件
tar xf httpd-2.4.41.tar.gz
//3.将旧版本的配置移至新版本
cp /usr/src/httpd-2.4.38/config.nice .
//4.编译安装
./config.nice
make
//5.进入旧版本备份原有的httpd文件
cd /opt/apache/bin/
mv httpd{,-backup}
//6.将新版本的config文件拷贝到当前目录
cp /root/httpd-2.4.41/httpd .
//7.查看版本号
[root@localhost bin]# httpd -v
Server version: Apache/2.4.41 (Unix)
Server built: Nov 13 2019 16:33:35
//端口启动
[root@localhost bin]# ss -tanl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
#!/bin/bash
#关闭防火墙与SELINUX
systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop firewalld
setenforce 0
sed -ri '/^SELINUX=/s/(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
read -p "请输入apache的安装目录:" apache_dir
echo $apache_dir | grep '^/' &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ] || [ -z $apache_dir ];then
apache_dir=/usr/local/httpd
fi
echo "yum配置"
rpm -ivh http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm &>/dev/null
cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo &>/dev/null
sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
yum -y install epel-release &>/dev/null
echo "安装依赖包"
yum groups mark install 'Development Tools' &>/dev/null
yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++ &>/dev/null
for soft in openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++;do
rpm -qa | grep $soft &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
yum -y -q install $soft
fi
done
echo "创建apache服务的用户和组"
grep '^apache:' /etc/group &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
groupadd -r apache
fi
id apache &>/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ];then
useradd -r -g apache -M -s /sbin/nologin apache
fi
echo "下载软件"
cd /usr/src/
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz &>/dev/nll
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz &>/dev/null
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz &>/dev/null
echo "解压软件"
tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
tar xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
#安装apr与apr-util
cd apr-1.6.5
sed -i '/$RM "$cfgfile"/d' configure
echo "正在配置apr"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr &>/dev/null
make -j $(grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo |wc -l) &>/dev/null && make install &>/dev/null
cd ../apr-util-1.6.1
echo "正在配置apr-util"
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr &>/dev/null
make -j $(grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo |wc -l) &>/dev/null && make install &>/dev/null
echo "安装httpd"
cd ../httpd-2.4.38
./configure --prefix=$apache_dir \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork &>/tmp/apache_install.log
echo "正在编译"
make -j $(grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo |wc -l) &>/dev/null && make install &>/dev/null
echo "配置环境变量"
echo "export PATH=${apache_dir}/bin:\$PATH" > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
ln -s $apache_dir/include/ /usr/include/httpd
sed -i "22a MANDATORY_MANPATH ${apache_dir}/man" /etc/man_db.conf
sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
echo "启动apache"
${apache_dir}/bin/apachectl start
ss -antl
httpd服务控制脚本
#!/bin/bash
#chkconfig: 2345 10 90
#describtion:hsjf
function status(){
p_status=$(ps -ef|grep 'httpd -k'|grep -v grep|wc -l)
if [ $p_status -gt 0 ];then
echo "httpd is running."
else
echo "httpd is stopped."
fi
}
case $1 in
start)
/opt/apache/bin/apachectl start
;;
stop)
/opt/apache/bin/apachectl stop
;;
restart)
/opt/apache/bin/apachectl restart
;;
status)
status
;;
*)
echo "Usage:service $0 start | stop | restart | status"
;;
esac
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