python装饰器学习笔记
参考：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/739654/how-to-make-a-chain-of-function-decorators#answer-1594484
装饰器(decorator)是一种高级Python语法。可以对一个函数、方法或者类进行加工。在Python中，我们有多种方法对函数和类进行加工，相对于其它方式，装饰器语法简单，代码可读性高。因此，装饰器在Python项目中有广泛的应用。修饰器经常被用于有切面需求的场景，较为经典的有插入日志、性能测试、事务处理, Web权限校验, Cache等。很有名的例子，就是咖啡，加糖的咖啡，加牛奶的咖啡。本质上，还是咖啡，只是在原有的东西上，做了“装饰”，使之附加一些功能或特性。
装饰器的优点是能够抽离出大量函数中与函数功能本身无关的雷同代码并继续重用。即，可以将函数“修饰”为完全不同的行为，可以有效的将业务逻辑正交分解。概括的讲，装饰器的作用就是为已经存在的对象添加额外的功能。例如记录日志，需要对某些函数进行记录。笨的办法，每个函数加入代码，如果代码变了，就悲催了。装饰器的办法，定义一个专门日志记录的装饰器，对需要的函数进行装饰。
Python 的 Decorator在使用上和Java/C#的Annotation很相似，都是在方法名前面加一个@XXX注解来为这个方法装饰一些东西。但是，Java/C#的Annotation也很让人望而却步，在使用它之前你需要了解一堆Annotation的类库文档，让人感觉就是在学另外一门语言。而Python使用了一种相对于Decorator Pattern和Annotation来说非常优雅的方法，这种方法不需要你去掌握什么复杂的OO模型或是Annotation的各种类库规定，完全就是语言层面的玩法：一种函数式编程的技巧。
在Python中，装饰器实现是十分方便。原因是：函数可以被扔来扔去。
python的函数就是对象
要理解装饰器，就必须先知道，在python里，函数也是对象（functions are objects）。明白这一点非常重要，让我们通过一个例子来看看为什么。
def shout(word="yes"):
return word.capitalize()+"!"
print(shout())
# outputs : 'Yes!'
# As an object, you can assign the function to a variable like any other object
scream = shout
# Notice we don't use parentheses: we are not calling the function,
# we are putting the function "shout" into the variable "scream".
# It means you can then call "shout" from "scream":
print(scream())
# outputs : 'Yes!'
# More than that, it means you can remove the old name 'shout',
# and the function will still be accessible from 'scream'
del shout
try:
print(shout())
except NameError, e:
print(e)
#outputs: "name 'shout' is not defined"
print(scream())
# outputs: 'Yes!'python 函数的另一个有趣的特性是，它们可以在另一个函数体内定义。
def talk():
# You can define a function on the fly in "talk" ...
def whisper(word="yes"):
return word.lower()+"..."
# ... and use it right away!
print(whisper())
# You call "talk", that defines "whisper" EVERY TIME you call it, then
# "whisper" is called in "talk".
talk()
# outputs:
# "yes..."
# But "whisper" DOES NOT EXIST outside "talk":
try:
print(whisper())
except NameError, e:
print(e)
#outputs : "name 'whisper' is not defined"*
#Python's functions are objects函数引用（Functions references）
你刚刚已经知道了，python的函数也是对象，因此：
-
可以被赋值给变量
-
可以在另一个函数体内定义
那么，这样就意味着一个函数可以返回另一个函数 :-)，来看个例子：
def getTalk(kind="shout"):
# We define functions on the fly
def shout(word="yes"):
return word.capitalize()+"!"
def whisper(word="yes") :
return word.lower()+"...";
# Then we return one of them
if kind == "shout":
# We don't use "()", we are not calling the function,
# we are returning the function object
return shout
else:
return whisper
# How do you use this strange beast?
# Get the function and assign it to a variable
talk = getTalk()
# You can see that "talk" is here a function object:
print(talk)
#outputs :
# The object is the one returned by the function:
print(talk())
#outputs : Yes!
# And you can even use it directly if you feel wild:
print(getTalk("whisper")())
#outputs : yes... def doSomethingBefore(func):
print("I do something before then I call the function you gave me")
print(func())
doSomethingBefore(scream)
#outputs:
#I do something before then I call the function you gave me
#Yes!手工制作装饰器（Handcrafted decorators）
你可以像这样来定制：
# A decorator is a function that expects ANOTHER function as parameter
def my_shiny_new_decorator(a_function_to_decorate):
# Inside, the decorator defines a function on the fly 动态定义一个函数: the wrapper.
# This function is going to be wrapped around the original function
# so it can execute code before and after it.
def the_wrapper_around_the_original_function():
# Put here the code you want to be executed BEFORE the original function is called
print("Before the function runs")
# Call the function here (using parentheses)
a_function_to_decorate()
# Put here the code you want to be executed AFTER the original function is called
print("After the function runs")
# At this point, "a_function_to_decorate" HAS NEVER BEEN EXECUTED.
# We return the wrapper function we have just created.
# The wrapper contains the function and the code to execute before and after. It’s ready to use!
return the_wrapper_around_the_original_function
# Now imagine you create a function you don't want to ever touch again.
def a_stand_alone_function():
print("I am a stand alone function, don't you dare modify me")
a_stand_alone_function()
#outputs: I am a stand alone function, don't you dare modify me
# Well, you can decorate it to extend its behavior.
# Just pass it to the decorator, it will wrap it dynamically in
# any code you want and return you a new function ready to be used:
a_stand_alone_function_decorated = my_shiny_new_decorator(a_stand_alone_function)
a_stand_alone_function_decorated()
#outputs:
#Before the function runs
#I am a stand alone function, don't you dare modify me
#After the function runs
a_stand_alone_function = my_shiny_new_decorator(a_stand_alone_function)
a_stand_alone_function()
#outputs:
#Before the function runs
#I am a stand alone function, don't you dare modify me
#After the function runs
# That’s EXACTLY what decorators do!
揭秘装饰器(Decorators demystified)
我们用装饰器的语法来重写一下前面的例子：
@my_shiny_new_decorator
def another_stand_alone_function():
print("Leave me alone")
another_stand_alone_function()
#outputs:
#Before the function runs
#Leave me alone
#After the function runs是的，这就完了，就这么简单。@decorator 只是下面这条语句的简写(shortcut)：
another_stand_alone_function = my_shiny_new_decorator(another_stand_alone_function)def bread(func):
def wrapper():
print("")
func()
print("<\______/>")
return wrapper
def ingredients(func):
def wrapper():
print("#tomatoes#")
func()
print("~salad~")
return wrapper
def sandwich(food="--ham--"):
print(food)
sandwich()
#outputs: --ham--
sandwich = bread(ingredients(sandwich))
sandwich()
#outputs:
#
# #tomatoes#
# --ham--
# ~salad~
#<\______/>用python的装饰器语法表示：
@bread
@ingredients
def sandwich(food="--ham--"):
print(food)
sandwich()
#outputs:
#
# #tomatoes#
# --ham--
# ~salad~
#<\______/>@ingredients
@bread
def strange_sandwich(food="--ham--"):
print(food)
strange_sandwich()
#outputs:
##tomatoes#
#
# --ham--
#<\______/>
# ~salad~给装饰器函数传参（Passing arguments to the decorated function）
# It’s not black magic, you just have to let the wrapper
# pass the argument:
def a_decorator_passing_arguments(function_to_decorate):
def a_wrapper_accepting_arguments(arg1, arg2):
print("I got args! Look: {0}, {1}".format(arg1, arg2))
function_to_decorate(arg1, arg2)
return a_wrapper_accepting_arguments
# Since when you are calling the function returned by the decorator, you are
# calling the wrapper, passing arguments to the wrapper will let it pass them to
# the decorated function
@a_decorator_passing_arguments
def print_full_name(first_name, last_name):
print("My name is {0} {1}".format(first_name, last_name))
print_full_name("Peter", "Venkman")
# outputs:
#I got args! Look: Peter Venkman
#My name is Peter Venkman
Python的一个伟大之处在于：方法和函数几乎是一样的(methods and functions are really the same)，除了方法的第一个参数应该是当前对象的引用(也就是 self)。这也就意味着只要记住把 self 考虑在内，你就可以用同样的方法给方法创建装饰器了：
def method_friendly_decorator(method_to_decorate):
def wrapper(self, lie):
lie = lie - 3 # very friendly, decrease age even more :-)
return method_to_decorate(self, lie)
return wrapper
class Lucy(object):
def __init__(self):
self.age = 32
@method_friendly_decorator
def sayYourAge(self, lie):
print("I am {0}, what did you think?".format(self.age + lie))
l = Lucy()
l.sayYourAge(-3)
#outputs: I am 26, what did you think?如果你正在制作通用的装饰器，他给可以应用到任何函数或者类方法，无论参数是什么，你都可以用，
*args, **kwargs
:
def a_decorator_passing_arbitrary_arguments(function_to_decorate):
# The wrapper accepts any arguments
def a_wrapper_accepting_arbitrary_arguments(*args, **kwargs):
print("Do I have args?:")
print(args)
print(kwargs)
# Then you unpack the arguments, here *args, **kwargs
# If you are not familiar with unpacking, check:
# http://www.saltycrane.com/blog/2008/01/how-to-use-args-and-kwargs-in-python/
function_to_decorate(*args, **kwargs)
return a_wrapper_accepting_arbitrary_arguments
@a_decorator_passing_arbitrary_arguments
def function_with_no_argument():
print("Python is cool, no argument here.")
function_with_no_argument()
#outputs
#Do I have args?:
#()
#{}
#Python is cool, no argument here.
@a_decorator_passing_arbitrary_arguments
def function_with_arguments(a, b, c):
print(a, b, c)
function_with_arguments(1,2,3)
#outputs
#Do I have args?:
#(1, 2, 3)
#{}
#1 2 3
@a_decorator_passing_arbitrary_arguments
def function_with_named_arguments(a, b, c, platypus="Why not ?"):
print("Do {0}, {1} and {2} like platypus? {3}".format(a, b, c, platypus))
function_with_named_arguments("Bill", "Linus", "Steve", platypus="Indeed!")
#outputs
#Do I have args ? :
#('Bill', 'Linus', 'Steve')
#{'platypus': 'Indeed!'}
#Do Bill, Linus and Steve like platypus? Indeed!
class Mary(object):
def __init__(self):
self.age = 31
@a_decorator_passing_arbitrary_arguments
def sayYourAge(self, lie=-3): # You can now add a default value
print("I am {0}, what did you think?".format(self.age + lie))
m = Mary()
m.sayYourAge()
#outputs
# Do I have args?:
#(<__main__.Mary object at 0xb7d303ac>,)
#{}
#I am 28, what did you think?给装饰器传参（Passing arguments to the decorator）
现在对于给装饰器本身传参数，你有什么看法呢？好吧，这样说有点绕，因为装饰器必须接受一个函数作为参数，所以就不能把被装饰的函数的参数，直接传给装饰器（you cannot pass the decorated function arguments directly to the decorator.）
在直奔答案之前，我们先写一个小提示：
# Decorators are ORDINARY functions
def my_decorator(func):
print("I am an ordinary function")
def wrapper():
print("I am function returned by the decorator")
func()
return wrapper
# Therefore, you can call it without any "@"
def lazy_function():
print("zzzzzzzz")
decorated_function = my_decorator(lazy_function)
#outputs: I am an ordinary function
# It outputs "I am an ordinary function", because that’s just what you do:
# calling a function. Nothing magic.
@my_decorator
def lazy_function():
print("zzzzzzzz")
#outputs: I am an ordinary function这完全一样，都是 my_decorator 被调用。所以当你使用 @my_decorator 时，你在告诉 python 去调用 “被变量 my_decorator 标记的” 函数（the function ‘labeled by the variable “my_decorator”‘）。这很重要，因为你给的这个标签能直接指向装饰器或者其他！
def decorator_maker():
print("I make decorators! I am executed only once: "
"when you make me create a decorator.")
def my_decorator(func):
print("I am a decorator! I am executed only when you decorate a function.")
def wrapped():
print("I am the wrapper around the decorated function. "
"I am called when you call the decorated function. "
"As the wrapper, I return the RESULT of the decorated function.")
return func()
print("As the decorator, I return the wrapped function.")
return wrapped
print("As a decorator maker, I return a decorator")
return my_decorator
# Let’s create a decorator. It’s just a new function after all.
new_decorator = decorator_maker()
#outputs:
#I make decorators! I am executed only once: when you make me create a decorator.
#As a decorator maker, I return a decorator
# Then we decorate the function
def decorated_function():
print("I am the decorated function.")
decorated_function = new_decorator(decorated_function)
#outputs:
#I am a decorator! I am executed only when you decorate a function.
#As the decorator, I return the wrapped function
# Let’s call the function:
decorated_function()
#outputs:
#I am the wrapper around the decorated function. I am called when you call the decorated function.
#As the wrapper, I return the RESULT of the decorated function.
#I am the decorated function.不要感到惊讶，让我们做一件完全一样的事情，只不过跳过了中间变量：
def decorated_function():
print("I am the decorated function.")
decorated_function = decorator_maker()(decorated_function)
#outputs:
#I make decorators! I am executed only once: when you make me create a decorator.
#As a decorator maker, I return a decorator
#I am a decorator! I am executed only when you decorate a function.
#As the decorator, I return the wrapped function.
# Finally:
decorated_function()
#outputs:
#I am the wrapper around the decorated function. I am called when you call the decorated function.
#As the wrapper, I return the RESULT of the decorated function.
#I am the decorated function.@decorator_maker()
def decorated_function():
print("I am the decorated function.")
#outputs:
#I make decorators! I am executed only once: when you make me create a decorator.
#As a decorator maker, I return a decorator
#I am a decorator! I am executed only when you decorate a function.
#As the decorator, I return the wrapped function.
#Eventually:
decorated_function()
#outputs:
#I am the wrapper around the decorated function. I am called when you call the decorated function.
#As the wrapper, I return the RESULT of the decorated function.
#I am the decorated function.def decorator_maker_with_arguments(decorator_arg1, decorator_arg2):
print("I make decorators! And I accept arguments: {0}, {1}".format(decorator_arg1, decorator_arg2))
def my_decorator(func):
# The ability to pass arguments here is a gift from closures.
# If you are not comfortable with closures, you can assume it’s ok,
# or read: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13857/can-you-explain-closures-as-they-relate-to-python
print("I am the decorator. Somehow you passed me arguments: {0}, {1}".format(decorator_arg1, decorator_arg2))
# Don't confuse decorator arguments and function arguments!
def wrapped(function_arg1, function_arg2) :
print("I am the wrapper around the decorated function.\n"
"I can access all the variables\n"
"\t- from the decorator: {0} {1}\n"
"\t- from the function call: {2} {3}\n"
"Then I can pass them to the decorated function"
.format(decorator_arg1, decorator_arg2,
function_arg1, function_arg2))
return func(function_arg1, function_arg2)
return wrapped
return my_decorator
@decorator_maker_with_arguments("Leonard", "Sheldon")
def decorated_function_with_arguments(function_arg1, function_arg2):
print("I am the decorated function and only knows about my arguments: {0}"
" {1}".format(function_arg1, function_arg2))
decorated_function_with_arguments("Rajesh", "Howard")
#outputs:
#I make decorators! And I accept arguments: Leonard Sheldon
#I am the decorator. Somehow you passed me arguments: Leonard Sheldon
#I am the wrapper around the decorated function.
#I can access all the variables
# - from the decorator: Leonard Sheldon
# - from the function call: Rajesh Howard
#Then I can pass them to the decorated function
#I am the decorated function and only knows about my arguments: Rajesh Howardc1 = "Penny"
c2 = "Leslie"
@decorator_maker_with_arguments("Leonard", c1)
def decorated_function_with_arguments(function_arg1, function_arg2):
print("I am the decorated function and only knows about my arguments:"
" {0} {1}".format(function_arg1, function_arg2))
decorated_function_with_arguments(c2, "Howard")
#outputs:
#I make decorators! And I accept arguments: Leonard Penny
#I am the decorator. Somehow you passed me arguments: Leonard Penny
#I am the wrapper around the decorated function.
#I can access all the variables
# - from the decorator: Leonard Penny
# - from the function call: Leslie Howard
#Then I can pass them to the decorated function
#I am the decorated function and only knows about my arguments: Leslie Howard如你所见，你可以给装饰器传递参数，就好像其他任意一个使用了这种把戏的函数一样（。如果你愿意，甚至可以使用 *args, **kwargs。但是，记住，装置器只调用一次，仅当python导入这个脚本时。你不能在之后动态的设置参数。当你执行 import x 时，这个函数已经被装饰了，因此你不能修改任何东西。
实践：装饰器装饰一个装饰器（Let’s practice: a decorator to decorate a decorator）
我将展示一段能用来创建能接受通用的任意参数的装饰器的代码。毕竟，为了能接受参数，我们用了另一个函数来创建我们的装饰器。我们包装了装饰器。在我们刚刚看到的东西里，还有用来包装函数的吗？是的，就是装饰器。让我们给装饰器写一个装饰器来玩玩：
def decorator_with_args(decorator_to_enhance):
"""
This function is supposed to be used as a decorator.
It must decorate an other function, that is intended to be used as a decorator.
Take a cup of coffee.
It will allow any decorator to accept an arbitrary number of arguments,
saving you the headache to remember how to do that every time.
"""
# We use the same trick we did to pass arguments
def decorator_maker(*args, **kwargs):
# We create on the fly a decorator that accepts only a function
# but keeps the passed arguments from the maker.
def decorator_wrapper(func):
# We return the result of the original decorator, which, after all,
# IS JUST AN ORDINARY FUNCTION (which returns a function).
# Only pitfall: the decorator must have this specific signature or it won't work:
return decorator_to_enhance(func, *args, **kwargs)
return decorator_wrapper
return decorator_maker# You create the function you will use as a decorator. And stick a decorator on it :-)
# Don't forget, the signature is "decorator(func, *args, **kwargs)"
@decorator_with_args
def decorated_decorator(func, *args, **kwargs):
def wrapper(function_arg1, function_arg2):
print("Decorated with {0} {1}".format(args, kwargs))
return func(function_arg1, function_arg2)
return wrapper
# Then you decorate the functions you wish with your brand new decorated decorator.
@decorated_decorator(42, 404, 1024)
def decorated_function(function_arg1, function_arg2):
print("Hello {0} {1}".format(function_arg1, function_arg2))
decorated_function("Universe and", "everything")
#outputs:
#Decorated with (42, 404, 1024) {}
#Hello Universe and everything
# Whoooot!我知道，你上一次有这种感觉，是在听一个人说“在理解递归之前，你必须先理解递归”之后。但是现在，掌握之后，你不觉得很爽吗？
装饰器如何才能有用（How can the decorators be useful?）
现在问题来了：我能用装饰器来干嘛？看起来很酷也很强大，但是来一个实际例子才更好。一个典型的用途是，用来扩展一个外部导入的函数（你不能修改）的行为，或者为了调试（你不想修改这个函数，因为只是暂时的）。你也可以用装饰器实现只用一段相同的代码来扩展成几个不同的函数，而且你不需要每次都重写这段代码。这样就是常说的 DRY。比如：
def benchmark(func):
"""
A decorator that prints the time a function takes
to execute.
"""
import time
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
t = time.clock()
res = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("{0} {1}".format(func.__name__, time.clock()-t))
return res
return wrapper
def logging(func):
"""
A decorator that logs the activity of the script.
(it actually just prints it, but it could be logging!)
"""
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
res = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("{0} {1} {2}".format(func.__name__, args, kwargs))
return res
return wrapper
def counter(func):
"""
A decorator that counts and prints the number of times a function has been executed
"""
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
wrapper.count = wrapper.count + 1
res = func(*args, **kwargs)
print("{0} has been used: {1}x".format(func.__name__, wrapper.count))
return res
wrapper.count = 0
return wrapper
@counter
@benchmark
@logging
def reverse_string(string):
return str(reversed(string))
print(reverse_string("Able was I ere I saw Elba"))
print(reverse_string("A man, a plan, a canoe, pasta, heros, rajahs, a coloratura, maps, snipe, percale, macaroni, a gag, a banana bag, a tan, a tag, a banana bag again (or a camel), a crepe, pins, Spam, a rut, a Rolo, cash, a jar, sore hats, a peon, a canal: Panama!"))
#outputs:
#reverse_string ('Able was I ere I saw Elba',) {}
#wrapper 0.0
#wrapper has been used: 1x
#ablE was I ere I saw elbA
#reverse_string ('A man, a plan, a canoe, pasta, heros, rajahs, a coloratura, maps, snipe, percale, macaroni, a gag, a banana bag, a tan, a tag, a banana bag again (or a camel), a crepe, pins, Spam, a rut, a Rolo, cash, a jar, sore hats, a peon, a canal: Panama!',) {}
#wrapper 0.0
#wrapper has been used: 2x
#!amanaP :lanac a ,noep a ,stah eros ,raj a ,hsac ,oloR a ,tur a ,mapS ,snip ,eperc a ,)lemac a ro( niaga gab ananab a ,gat a ,nat a ,gab ananab a ,gag a ,inoracam ,elacrep ,epins ,spam ,arutaroloc a ,shajar ,soreh ,atsap ,eonac a ,nalp a ,nam A当然，装饰器的好处就是你可以几乎用来装饰所有东西，而且不要重写。也就是我说的 DRY：
@counter
@benchmark
@logging
def get_random_futurama_quote():
from urllib import urlopen
result = urlopen("http://subfusion.net/cgi-bin/quote.pl?quote=futurama").read()
try:
value = result.split("
")[1].split("
")[0]
return value.strip()
except:
return "No, I'm ... doesn't!"
print(get_random_futurama_quote())
print(get_random_futurama_quote())
#outputs:
#get_random_futurama_quote () {}
#wrapper 0.02
#wrapper has been used: 1x
#The laws of science be a harsh mistress.
#get_random_futurama_quote () {}
#wrapper 0.01
#wrapper has been used: 2x
#Curse you, merciful Poseidon!Python 语言本身也提供了一些装饰器：property、staticmethod 等。Django 用装饰器来管理换成和视图权限。Twisted 用来伪装 内联异步函数调用。
总结
装饰器的核心作用是name binding。这种语法是Python多编程范式的又一个体现。大部分Python用户都不怎么需要定义装饰器，但有可能会使用装饰器。鉴于装饰器在Python项目中的广泛使用，了解这一语法是非常有益的。