Ubuntu20.04桌面系统快速上手教程
更换国内软件源
cd /etc/apt
sudo mv sources.list sources.list.bak
sudo gedit sources.list
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
## Not recommended
# deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
安装vim,git,netstat,curl,filezilla,wireshark,rar,unrar,zip,unzip,7z（按需安装）
sudo apt install -y vim git net-tools curl filezilla wireshark rar unrar zip unzip p7zip-full
配置Vim
vi $HOME/.vimrc
set mouse=
set tabstop=4
set autoindent
set ts=4
set expandtab
set shiftwidth=4
set fileencodings=utf-8,ucs-bom,gb18030,gbk,gb2312,cp936
set termencoding=utf-8
set encoding=utf-8
自定义命令，快速登录远程服务器
sudo apt install expect
vim $HOME/.monitor_auto_test
#!/usr/bin/expect
set timeout 30
#窗口调整
trap {
set rows [stty rows]
set cols [stty columns]
stty rows $rows columns $cols < $spawn_out(slave,name)
} WINCH
#端口 ip
spawn ssh -l root -p 端口 Ip
expect {
"(yes/no?" {
send "yes\n"
expect "*password:"
#password
send "*******\r"
}
"*password:" {
#password
send "*******\r"
}
}
interact
vim $HOME/.bash_aliases
alias lg_test="$HOME/.monitor_auto_test"
source $HOME/.bashrc
ssh保持持久连接
sudo vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
最后加入两个参数，每60s发送一个空包
TCPKeepAlive yes
ServerAliveInterval 60
安装postman
wget https://dl.pstmn.io/download/latest/linux64 -O postman.tar.gz
sudo tar -xzf postman.tar.gz -C /opt
sudo ln -s /opt/Postman/Postman /usr/bin/postman
vim ~/.local/share/applications/postman.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=Postman
Exec=postman
Icon=/opt/Postman/app/resources/app/assets/icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Development;
sudo apt install libgtk2.0-0:i386
sudo apt install libgconf-2-4
安装nginx
sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx
安装mariadb
sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client
sudo systemctl enable mariadb
sudo mysql_secure_installation
Enter > Y > {your password} > {your password} > Y > Y > Y > Y
开启root密码验证
sudo mysql -uroot -p
update mysql.user set plugin='mysql_native_password' where user='root';
sudo systemctl restart mariadb
安装php
sudo apt install php7.2-fpm php-pear php7.2-dev php7.2-myql php7.2-mbstring php7.2-bcmath
cd /etc/php/7.2/fpm/pool.d
sudo vim www.conf
找到listen处注释掉listen = /run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock,新起一行
listen=127.0.0.1:9000
sudo systemctl restart php7.2-fpm
配置nginx转发php
cd /etc/nginx/conf.d
sudo vim xxx.conf
server {
listen 80;
root {your workpath};
index index.php index.html index.htm;
server_name {your virtual domain};
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
}
}
sudo systemctl restart nginx
cd {your workpath}
vim index.php
sudo vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 {your virtual domain}
安装redis
sudo apt install redis-server
redis-cli
安装php-redis扩展
sudo apt install php-redis
php -m
安装wine（windows应用利器）
sudo apt install wine-binfmt
sudo update-binfmts --import /usr/share/binfmts/wine
安装微信开发者工具（先安装上面wine-binfmt平台）:（logo图）
cd /opt
sudo su
git clone https://github.com/cytle/wechat_web_devtools.git
cd wechat_web_devtools
./bin/wxdt install
./bin/wxdt
将logo图下载并且放到/opt/wechat_web_devtools/images/目录里，重命名为wechat.png,创建桌面快捷方式图标：
vim $HOME/.local/share/applications/devtool.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=wechat devtools
Comment=wechat devtools
Exec=/opt/wechat_web_devtools/bin/wxdt
Icon=/opt/wechat_web_devtools/images/wechat.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Development
如果需要降/升到指定的版本
git tag
git checkout v1.02.1907300
安装phpstorm的tar.gz包
如我下载的是PhpStorm-2019.3.4.tar.gz
sudo su
mkdir /opt/phpstorm && tar -zxvf PhpStorm-2019.3.4.tar.gz -C /opt/phpstorm
cd /opt/phpstorm/bin
./phpstorm.sh
安装sublime-text
wget -qO - https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt install apt-transport-https
echo "deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt install sublime-text
安装oss
sudo su
unzip oss-browser-linux-x64.zip -d /opt/
sudo ln -s /opt/oss/oss-browser /usr/bin/oss
创建图标
sudo vim /usr/share/applications/oss.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=oss
Comment=a ali tool for pic and video
Exec=oss
Icon=/opt/oss/resources/custom/icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Development
sudo apt install libgconf-2-4
安装网易云
sudo dpkg -i netease-cloud-music_1.2.1_amd64_ubuntu_20190428.deb
网易云字体问题修复
wget http://www.mycode.net.cn/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/YaHeiConsolas.tar.gz
tar -zxvf YaHeiConsolas.tar.gz
sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/fonts/myfont
sudo cp /*.ttf /usr/share/fonts/myfont/
sudo chmod 644 /usr/share/fonts/myfont/*.ttf
cd /usr/share/fonts/myfont& sudo mkfontscale && sudo mkfontdir && sudo fc-cache -fv
sudo shutdown -r now
gnome-tweaks
字体 > 界面文本 > YaHei Consolas Hybrid Bold
字体 > 文档文本 > YaHei Consolas Hybrid Bold
参考
安装截图工具flameshot
sudo apt install flameshot
设置快捷键:系统设置（Setting）> 设备（Devices）> 键盘（Keyboard)
name: flameshot gui
Command:flameshot gui
shotcut:Ctrl+Alt+A
安装charles
wget -q -O - https://www.charlesproxy.com/packages/apt/PublicKey | sudo apt-key add
sudo sh -c 'echo deb https://www.charlesproxy.com/packages/apt/ charles-proxy main > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/charles.list'
sudo apt update
sudo apt install charles-proxy
激活
Registered Name:https://zhile.io
License Key: 48891cf209c6d32bf4
安装go
sudo apt install golang-go
安装GoLand的IDE
sudo su
mkdir goland && tar -zxvf goland-2019.1.3.tar.gz -C /opt/goland
cd /opt/goland/bin
./golang.sh
安装docker
sudo apt install docker.io
sudo chmod 666 /var/run/docker.sock
安装mongodb
sudo apt install mongodb
安装mongodb扩展
如果包phpize没有
php -v 查看php版本,如我是7.2
sudo apt install php7.2-dev
sudo pecl install mongodb
往php.ini配置文件写入mongodb扩展
extension=mongodb.so
sudo systemctl restart php7.2-fpm
phpstorm安装mongodb插件
File > Plugins
搜索mongodb
安装后重启后在phpstorm右侧
安装lua
sudo apt install libreadline-dev
cd ~/下载
curl -R -O http://www.lua.org/ftp/lua-5.3.5.tar.gz
sudo tar zxf lua-5.3.5.tar.gz -C /opt
cd /opt/lua-5.3.5
sudo make linux test
sudo make install
安装lua的mysq驱动
cd ~/下载
wget https://luarocks.github.io/luarocks/releases/luarocks-3.1.3.tar.gz
tar zxpf luarocks-3.1.3.tar.gz
cd luarocks-3.1.3
./configure
sudo luarocks install luasocket
sudo apt install -y libmysqlclient-dev
sudo luarocks install luasql-mysql MYSQL_INCDIR=/usr/include/mysql
安装phpmyadmin
unzip phpMyAdmin-4.8.1-all-languages.zip -d $HOME/
全局安装composer
https://getcomposer.org/download/
按照官网命令安装后,移动composer
sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
更改composer镜像源
composer config -g repo.packagist composer https://packagist.phpcomposer.com
参考
N卡驱动解决方案
在驱动安装之初，首先要清除老驱动或者没清除干净的驱动残留:
sudo apt-get remove --purge nvidia*
1.安装NVIDIA需要把系统自带的驱动(nouveau)禁用:
打开文件：
sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
在文件最后追加：
blacklist nouveau
2.保存退出，执行以下命令生效：
sudo update-initramfs -u
重启电脑后输入：
lsmod | grep nouveau
没有任何输出说明禁用成功。
显示显卡和可用显卡驱动
ubuntu-drivers devices
安装推荐的显卡驱动
sudo apt install xxx（驱动名，recommend那个）
查看nvidia占用情况
nvidia-smi
或者每2s刷新一次nvidia占用情况
watch -n 2 nvidia-smi
无线网卡驱动解决问题（如rtl8821ce）
sudo lshw -class network
解决2k屏分辨率太低问题
使用以下命令查看当前屏幕的连接情况
xrandr
查询某分辨率的有效扫描频率(一般用cvt，无输出就用cvt -r)
cvt -r 2560 1440
新建一种xrandr模式，如2560x1440：(sudo xrandr --newmod后面接的是上面的结果)
sudo xrandr --newmode "2560x1440R" 312.25 2560 2752 3024 3488 1440 1443 1448 1493 -hsync +vsync
把该模式添加到当前的输出设备， 如我的是HDMI-1-2：
sudo xrandr --addmode HDMI-1-2 "2560x1440R"
把HDMI-1-2的分辨率指定为刚刚添加的新模式
sudo xrandr --output HDMI-1-2 --mode "2560x1440R"
由于重启后，设置好的2k分辨率并没有生效，所有要写个脚本，开机自启动
sudo vim /etc/init.d/highdpi
#!/bin/bash
cvt -r 2560 1440
xrandr --newmode "2560x1440R" 241.50 2560 2608 2640 2720 1440 1443 1448 1481 +hsync -vsync
xrandr --addmode HDMI-1-2 "2560x1440R"
xrandr --output HDMI-1-2 --mode "2560x1440R"
sudo chmod 755 /etc/init.d/highdpi
gnome-session-properties
名称：2560x1440R
命令：/etc/init.d/highdpi
注释：/etc/init.d/highdpi
参考
安装搜狗输入法
sudo apt install fcitx-bin
sudo apt install fcitx-table
安装完fcitx后在“设置 > 区域和语言 > 管理已安装的语言 > 键盘输入法系统”处把它替换为fcitx
sudo dpkg -i sogouimebs_2.0.0.38+0428.1_amd64.deb
sudo apt -f install
sudo apt purge ibus
sudo apt autoremove
sudo shutdown -r now
点击Ubuntu右上角顶栏的小键盘图标，选择“配置”，添加一个键盘-英语（美国），调到第一位，搜狗拼音放在第二位，其他删除（这样做可以起到避免搜狗输入法乱码的情况）
全局解决ubuntu缺失的等宽字体导致光标位置,字体模糊等问题
安装Monaco和Menlo
wget https://github.com/hbin/top-programming-fonts/blob/master/Menlo-Regular.ttf
wget https://github.com/hbin/top-programming-fonts/blob/master/Monaco-Linux.ttf
sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/fonts/myfont
sudo mv Menlo-Regular.ttf Monaco-Linux.ttf /usr/share/fonts/myfont/
安装Cousine*,SourceCodePro*,MonospaceTypewriter.ttf
wget https://www.aikaiyuan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Mono.7z
7z x Mono.7z
cd Mono
sudo cp Cousine* SourceCodePro* MonospaceTypewriter.ttf /usr/share/fonts/myfont
cd /usr/share/fonts/myfont& sudo mkfontscale && sudo mkfontdir && sudo fc-cache -fv
sudo shutdown -r now
安装flatpak
sudo apt install flatpak
sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
重启系统让环境变量$XDG_DATA_DIRS生效
sudo shutdown -r now
教程
安装百度网盘
wget http://issuecdn.baidupcs.com/issue/netdisk/LinuxGuanjia/2.0.2/baidunetdisk_linux_2.0.2.deb
sudo dpkg -i xxx.deb
安装deepin-wechat（微信）
安装最新deepin-wine平台(2.18-19)
cd /opt
sudo git clone https://github.com/zq1997/deepin-wine
cd deepin-wine
sudo ./install.sh
安装deepin-wechat
cd ~/下载
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin/pool/non-free/d/deepin.com.wechat/deepin.com.wechat_2.6.8.65deepin0_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i deepin.com.wechat_2.6.8.65deepin0_i386.deb
先登录wechat,然后退出
去除透明窗口，ChatContactMenu 和黑方块
sudo apt install xdotool
sudo vim /opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh
#!/bin/bash
"/opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/run.sh">/dev/null 2>&1
start_succ=false
for i in {1..5}
do
xdotool search --onlyvisible --classname "WeChat.exe"
if [ $? == 0 ]
then
start_succ=true
break
fi
sleep 10
done
if [ $start_succ == false ]
then
exit 1
fi
windowclose=false
while :
do
retval=$(xdotool search --onlyvisible --classname "WeChat.exe")
if [ $? != 0 ]
then
exit 0
fi
login=true
for id in $retval
do
windowname=$(xdotool getwindowname $id)
if [ "$windowname" == "登录" ]
then
login=false
fi
if [ $windowclose == true ] && ([ "$windowname" == "" ] || [ "$windowname" == "ChatContactMenu" ])
then
xdotool windowclose $id
fi
done
if [ $windowclose == true ]
then
exit 0
fi
if [ $login == true ]
then
windowclose=true
fi
sleep 2
done
sudo chmod +x /opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh
sudo vim /usr/share/applications/deepin.com.wechat.desktop
Ｅxec一行修改为
Exec=/opt/deepinwine/apps/Deepin-WeChat/xdotool_run.sh
系统语言非中文时，中文全显示成方块
sudo gedit /opt/deepinwine/tools/run.sh
将 WINE_CMD 那一行修改为
WINE_CMD="LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8 deepin-wine"
解决中文显示变黑方块问题
下载simsun.ttc字体（推荐用下面的msyh.ttc字体方法）
cd ~/下载
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sonatype/maven-guide-zh/master/content-zh/src/main/resources/fonts/simsun.ttc
cp simsun.ttc ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts
注册字体
gedit ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/simsun_config.reg
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes]
"Arial"="simsun"
"Arial CE,238"="simsun"
"Arial CYR,204"="simsun"
"Arial Greek,161"="simsun"
"Arial TUR,162"="simsun"
"Courier New"="simsun"
"Courier New CE,238"="simsun"
"Courier New CYR,204"="simsun"
"Courier New Greek,161"="simsun"
"Courier New TUR,162"="simsun"
"FixedSys"="simsun"
"Helv"="simsun"
"Helvetica"="simsun"
"MS Sans Serif"="simsun"
"MS Shell Dlg"="simsun"
"MS Shell Dlg 2"="simsun"
"System"="simsun"
"Tahoma"="simsun"
"Times"="simsun"
"Times New Roman CE,238"="simsun"
"Times New Roman CYR,204"="simsun"
"Times New Roman Greek,161"="simsun"
"Times New Roman TUR,162"="simsun"
"Tms Rmn"="simsun"
注册
cd ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/
WINEPREFIX=~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat deepin-wine regedit simsun_config.reg
不行，尝试换一字体，下载msyh.ttc字体(微软雅黑)
cd ~/下载
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owent-utils/font/master/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF%E9%9B%85%E9%BB%91/MSYH.TTC
mv MSYH.TTC msyh.ttc
cp msyh.ttc ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts
注册字体
gedit ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/msyh_config.reg
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes]
"Arial"="msyh"
"Arial CE,238"="msyh"
"Arial CYR,204"="msyh"
"Arial Greek,161"="msyh"
"Arial TUR,162"="msyh"
"Courier New"="msyh"
"Courier New CE,238"="msyh"
"Courier New CYR,204"="msyh"
"Courier New Greek,161"="msyh"
"Courier New TUR,162"="msyh"
"FixedSys"="msyh"
"Helv"="msyh"
"Helvetica"="msyh"
"MS Sans Serif"="msyh"
"MS Shell Dlg"="msyh"
"MS Shell Dlg 2"="msyh"
"System"="msyh"
"Tahoma"="msyh"
"Times"="msyh"
"Times New Roman CE,238"="msyh"
"Times New Roman CYR,204"="msyh"
"Times New Roman Greek,161"="msyh"
"Times New Roman TUR,162"="msyh"
"Tms Rmn"="msyh"
注册
cd ~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat/drive_c/windows/Fonts/
WINEPREFIX=~/.deepinwine/Deepin-WeChat deepin-wine regedit msyh_config.reg
无法发图片解决
sudo apt install libjpeg62:i386
参考文章：
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37624415/article/details/82228572
https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/136
https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/22
https://github.com/wszqkzqk/deepin-wine-ubuntu/issues/207
https://gitee.com/dangbinghoo/deepin-wine-ubuntu-218
安装视频播放器
sudo apt install smplayer
安装utools
https://u.tools/download.html
安装typora
wget -qO - https://typora.io/linux/public-key.asc | sudo apt-key add -
sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://typora.io/linux ./'
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install typora
安装libreoffice
sudo apt install libreoffice
安装beyond compare
http://www.scootersoftware.com/download.php