cartographer 3D点云建图教程
cartographer 3D点云建图教程
This article was original written by XRBLS, welcome re-post， but please keep this copyright info, thanks, any question could be asked via wechat:
jintianiloveu
无人驾驶或者机器人，很重要的一环是建图，通过3D点云来完成，或者扫地机器人里面的单线激光雷达来完成。本文详细记录一下采用个cartographer来完成的建图步骤。整个过程简单，异形。首先安装一些依赖。
cartographer 依赖
安装 ceres solver:
git clone https://github.com/BlueWhaleRobot/ceres-solver.git
cd ceres-solver
mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make -j
sudo make install
安装protobuf 3.0:
git clone https://github.com/google/protobuf.git
cd protobuf
git checkout v3.6.1
mkdir build
cd build
cmake \
-DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=ON \
-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
-Dprotobuf_BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
../cmake
make -j 2
sudo make install
安装cartographer: 请注意，关于cartographer的安装，不要用cmake，要用ninja，另外据说master branch已经崩溃（谷歌垃圾程序员不知道搞什么事情），checkout release-1.0版本。
git clone https://github.com/googlecartographer/cartographer.git
cd cartographer
mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -G Ninja
ninja
CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE=1 ninja test
sudo ninja install
这里其实可以用官方的cartographer，不过用蓝经机器人的也行。至于各种区别，日后在研究研究。
最后，需要安装一下ros的wrapper。
mkdir catkin_ws
cd catkin_ws
wstool init src
wstool merge -t src https://raw.githubusercontent.com/googlecartographer/cartographer_ros/master/cartographer_ros.rosinstall
wstool update -t src
catkin_make_isolated --install --use-ninja
开始测试
ok，所有依赖安装完之后，再来测试一下。关于测试可以通过下载一个2D的博物馆的rosbag包进行离线的测试，最终会先生成一个pbstream的文件，然后使用cartographer自带的节点，将pbstream生成map。
rosrun cartographer_ros cartographer_pbstream_to_ros_map -map_filestem=./aa_map -pbstream_filename=/media/jintain/wd/ros/slam/rosbags/cartographer_paper_deutsches_museum.bag.pbstream
这种离线的方式便可以将离线计算的pbstream结果，转化成需要的地图文件。但是本次教程的重要部分是总结一下，如何使用自己的数据进行建图，在线建图，然后将结果保存起来。
使用cartographer在自己的雷达数据上建立3D地图
分步骤来，假设已经安装好了cartographer。
-
编写自己的launch文件，启动cartographer，加载配置文件，话题remap，udrf位姿等
首先需要配置一些文件，需要的文件包括：a)
demo_my_rslidar_3d.launch： 启动文件； b)my_rslidar_3d.launch: 配置文件，话题remap，等。其中
my_rslidar_3d.launch最为重要，它包含的内容可以大致写为：也就是说，制定urdf（位姿转换），发布状态，话题的remap，以及添加配置文件，其中cartographer定位需要的传感器数据就是， odom里程计， imu数据，激光雷达数据三种。
-
启动cartographer开始建图
这一步比较简单，直接启动上面的demo launch就行了。
-
保存建图状态
在线见图的时候，不会自动保存状态到本地，需要调用服务，来将状态保存。在rosbag播放完成之后，调用i一个service保存数据到本地。
先调用
rosrun rqt_service_caller rqt_service_caller /finish_trajectory结束建图。然后再调用，
/write_state, 开始写入状态。保存成功之后，test_3d.pbfile 可以在 ~/.ros 目录下找到（这个也太隐蔽了吧）。请注意，上面的操作是一个窗口，可以可视化操作。
在得到pbstream文件之后，可以进一步导出为ply的3D点云
此时，cartographer可以关掉了，因为我们已经拿到了pbstream文件，但是还需要将这个pbstream文件进一步转化成3D的ply点云文件。
roslaunch cartographer_ros assets_writer_my_rslidar_3d.launch bag_filenames:=`pwd`/../rosbags/2018-08-11-13-20-34.bag pose_graph_filename:=`pwd`/../rosbags/test_3d.pbstream
可视化保存的点云
由于最后生成的是ply的格式，接下来得将其转换为pcd，然后用pcl来可视化一下，看看最终点云地图张啥样。先将ply转换成pcd：
pcl_ply2pcd 2018-08-11-13-20-34.bag_points.ply test_3d.pcd
然后用下面的代码，可以方便的可视化pcd：
#include
#include
#include
// #include
#include
int
main (int argc, char** argv)
{
pcl::PointCloud::Ptr cloud (new pcl::PointCloud);
if (pcl::io::loadPCDFile ("../ct_lx_rmp.pcd", *cloud) == -1) //* load the file
{
PCL_ERROR ("Couldn't read file test_pcd.pcd \n");
return (-1);
}
std::cout << "Loaded "
<< cloud->width * cloud->height
<< " data points from test_pcd.pcd with the following fields: "
<< std::endl;
for (size_t i = 0; i < cloud->points.size (); ++i)
std::cout << " " << cloud->points[i].x
<< " " << cloud->points[i].y
<< " " << cloud->points[i].z << std::endl;
// visualize it
pcl::visualization::CloudViewer viewer("ff");
viewer.showCloud(cloud);
while (!viewer.wasStopped()) {
}
return (0);
}
CMakeLists.txt:
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8 FATAL_ERROR)
project(pcd_read)
find_package(PCL REQUIRED)
include_directories(${PCL_INCLUDE_DIRS})
link_directories(${PCL_LIBRARY_DIRS})
add_definitions(${PCL_DEFINITIONS})
add_executable (pcd_read pcd_read.cpp)
target_link_libraries (pcd_read ${PCL_LIBRARIES})
当然，如果没有ply2pcd工具，直接编译 ply2pcd.cpp：
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace pcl;
using namespace pcl::io;
using namespace pcl::console;
void
printHelp (int, char **argv)
{
print_error ("Syntax is: %s [-format 0|1] input.ply output.pcd\n", argv[0]);
}
bool
loadCloud (const std::string &filename, pcl::PCLPointCloud2 &cloud)
{
TicToc tt;
print_highlight ("Loading "); print_value ("%s ", filename.c_str ());
pcl::PLYReader reader;
tt.tic ();
if (reader.read (filename, cloud) < 0)
return (false);
print_info ("[done, "); print_value ("%g", tt.toc ()); print_info (" ms : "); print_value ("%d", cloud.width * cloud.height); print_info (" points]\n");
print_info ("Available dimensions: "); print_value ("%s\n", pcl::getFieldsList (cloud).c_str ());
return (true);
}
void
saveCloud (const std::string &filename, const pcl::PCLPointCloud2 &cloud, bool format)
{
TicToc tt;
tt.tic ();
print_highlight ("Saving "); print_value ("%s ", filename.c_str ());
pcl::PCDWriter writer;
writer.write (filename, cloud, Eigen::Vector4f::Zero (), Eigen::Quaternionf::Identity (), format);
print_info ("[done, "); print_value ("%g", tt.toc ()); print_info (" ms : "); print_value ("%d", cloud.width * cloud.height); print_info (" points]\n");
}
/* ---[ */
int
main (int argc, char** argv)
{
print_info ("Convert a PLY file to PCD format. For more information, use: %s -h\n", argv[0]);
if (argc < 3)
{
printHelp (argc, argv);
return (-1);
}
// Parse the command line arguments for .pcd and .ply files
std::vector pcd_file_indices = parse_file_extension_argument (argc, argv, ".pcd");
std::vector ply_file_indices = parse_file_extension_argument (argc, argv, ".ply");
if (pcd_file_indices.size () != 1 || ply_file_indices.size () != 1)
{
print_error ("Need one input PLY file and one output PCD file.\n");
return (-1);
}
// Command line parsing
bool format = 1;
parse_argument (argc, argv, "-format", format);
print_info ("PCD output format: "); print_value ("%s\n", (format ? "binary" : "ascii"));
// Load the first file
pcl::PCLPointCloud2 cloud;
if (!loadCloud (argv[ply_file_indices[0]], cloud))
return (-1);
// Convert to PLY and save
saveCloud (argv[pcd_file_indices[0]], cloud, format);
return (0);
}
可以很直观的得到点云的结果。
关于自己点云一些关键点
仔细观察会发现，这里面有一些重要因素，比如你需要一个urdf，你需要知道 lidar， imu想对于base link的转换关系，同时在进行将状态转换到ply的时候，你需要告诉assets writer一个关于机器人的配置文件。这个配置文件怎么弄呢？
我们来看看关于这个assets writer需要的配置文件.lua:
-- Copyright 2016 The Cartographer Authors
--
-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
--
-- http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
--
-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-- limitations under the License.
VOXEL_SIZE = 5e-2
include "transform.lua"
options = {
tracking_frame = "laserbase_link",
pipeline = {
{
action = "min_max_range_filter",
min_range = 1.,
max_range = 20.,
},
{
action = "dump_num_points",
},
{
action = "fixed_ratio_sampler",
sampling_ratio = 0.01,
},
{
action = "write_ply",
filename = "points.ply"
},
-- Gray X-Rays. These only use geometry to color pixels.
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_yz_all",
transform = YZ_TRANSFORM,
},
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_xy_all",
transform = XY_TRANSFORM,
},
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_xz_all",
transform = XZ_TRANSFORM,
},
-- Now we recolor our points by frame and write another batch of X-Rays. It
-- is visible in them what was seen by the horizontal and the vertical
-- laser.
{
action = "color_points",
frame_id = "rslidar",
color = { 255., 0., 0. },
},
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_yz_all_color",
transform = YZ_TRANSFORM,
},
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_xy_all_color",
transform = XY_TRANSFORM,
},
{
action = "write_xray_image",
voxel_size = VOXEL_SIZE,
filename = "xray_xz_all_color",
transform = XZ_TRANSFORM,
},
}
}
return options
其实这里面修改的东西就几个，frameid，然后没了。。如果你采用rslida，也就是速腾的激光雷达，那这个基本上可以不用。