在jdk1.8以后是数组+链表+红黑树。一点点分析数据结构。
1. Map中的entry对象:
static class Node implements Map.Entry {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry,?> e = (Map.Entry,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
2.load-factor负载因子和capacity容量
简单说一下存储就是node中key计算的hash值决定存储在数组中的位置的bucket(桶)。
如果hash值一样,数组中该位置的bucket(桶)里就会变成链表。默认new一个HashMap的capacity:16,loadFactor:0.75。
/**
* Constructs an empty HashMap with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
16*0.75 = 12;
reSize方法:
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node[] resize() {
Node[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node[] newTab = (Node[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
看这句:
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
就知道,每次扩容都是之前的2倍。第一次的大小是16,扩容后就变成32。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/yimi099/article/details/62043566
3. 1.7源码
void resize(int newCapacity) { //传入新的容量
Entry[] oldTable = table; //引用扩容前的Entry数组
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { //扩容前的数组大小如果已经达到最大(2^30)了
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; //修改阈值为int的最大值(2^31-1),这样以后就不会扩容了
return;
}
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity]; //初始化一个新的Entry数组
transfer(newTable); //!!将数据转移到新的Entry数组里
table = newTable; //HashMap的table属性引用新的Entry数组
threshold = (int) (newCapacity * loadFactor);//修改阈值
}
void transfer(Entry[] newTable) {
Entry[] src = table; //src引用了旧的Entry数组
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) { //遍历旧的Entry数组
Entry e = src[j]; //取得旧Entry数组的每个元素
if (e != null) {
src[j] = null;//释放旧Entry数组的对象引用(for循环后,旧的Entry数组不再引用任何对象)
do {
Entry next = e.next;
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity); //!!重新计算每个元素在数组中的位置
e.next = newTable[i]; //标记[1]
newTable[i] = e; //将元素放在数组上
e = next; //访问下一个Entry链上的元素
} while (e != null);
}
}
}
1.7里是每次扩容都去计算元素的hash值,从而改变该元素在数组中的位置。capacity变了,位置自然就要改变。
1.8做了优化:
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
解释一下什么意思。
转自:http://blog.csdn.net/brycegao321/article/details/52527236/
(e.hash & oldCap) == 0写的很赞!!! 它将原来的链表数据散列到2个下标位置, 概率是当前位置50%,高位位置50%。 你可能有点懵比, 下面举例说明。 上边图中第0个下标有496和896, 假设它俩的hashcode(int型,占4个字节)是
resize前:
496的hashcode: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
896的hashcode: 01010000 01100000 10000000 00100000
oldCap是16: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00010000
496和896对应的e.hash & oldCap的值为0, 即下标都是第0个。
resize后:496和896对应的e.hash & oldCap的值为0和1, 即下标都是第0个和第16个。
因为hashcode的第n位是0/1的概率相同, 理论上链表的数据会均匀分布到当前下标或高位数组对应下标。
再说一下其他参数:
bucket桶:
数组中每一个位置上都放有一个桶,每个桶里就是装一个链表,链表中可以有很多个元素(entry),这就是桶的意思。也就相当于把元素都放在桶中。
size:
HashMap的实例中实际存储的元素的个数。
4. threshold:
threshold = capacity * loadFactor,当Size>=threshold的时候,那么就要考虑对数组的扩增了,也就是说,这个的意思就是衡量数组是否需要扩增的一个标准。
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
对于一个桶(容器)来说,桶的统计临界值比起list集合更用于树。
是否扩容主要看:threshold这个参数,threshold = capacity*loadFactor,初始值是threshold = 16*0.75=12,第一次扩容capacity=capacity*2=32,threshold =threshold *2=24。
5. 1.8源码的put方法
再说一下put方法:
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node[] tab; Node p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length; //初始化桶,默认16个元素
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) //如果第i个桶为空,创建Node实例
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else { //哈希碰撞的情况, 即(n-1)&hash相等
Node e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p; //key相同,后面会覆盖value
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); //红黑树添加当前node
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); //链表添加当前元素
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash); //当链表个数大于等于7时,将链表改造为红黑树
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue; //覆盖key相同的value并return, 即不会执行++size
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold) //key不相同时,每次插入一条数据自增1. 当size大于threshold时resize
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
提一个新的名词,哈希碰撞。
哈希碰撞是产生链表的原因。
最后!!!!
1,HashMap的初始容量是16个, 而且容量只能是2的幂。 每次扩容时都是变成原来的2倍。
2,默认的负载因子是0.75f,threshold:16*0.75=12。即默认的HashMap实例在插入第13个数据时,会扩容为32。
3,JDK1.8对HashMap的优化, 哈希碰撞后的链表上达到8个节点时要将链表重构为红黑树, 查询的时间复杂度变为O(logN)。
4,通常hashMap查询的时间复杂度是O(N),1.8以后红黑树的查询的时间复杂度是O(logN)。极少数情况不会出现哈希碰撞,那是数组,查询的时间复杂度是O(1)。
5,初始化数组或者扩容为2倍,初值为空时,则根据初始容量开辟空间来创建数组。否则, 因为我们使用2的幂定义数组大小,数据要么待在原来的下标, 或者移动到新数组的高位下标。