é
è
é°é§
ééé§
騰°è±èè±è§§èè訰Asian nerdexam hellèè騰èèéèè
¤
èéèSATéè· PISAèéè°è°§ TIMSSèè PIRLS*èé¨§è °é¨
觨°°±è¨°°é¨°§ TIMSS¤§é褧
褨°è±±°è§¨èèé¨è§é
°èèè¨è§é·è±èé·è°¨é¤é±°±¨è¤§è·
°éèèèé
±é
éèèé°èèé觧§
è褤跨§éèé±
é§è±·±è§é¨è§¨°±¤¨é±è¨èèéèèè§è¤
ééè§éè·é±§°§è°±§¨°°§¨
¤¤§éé°è·é°è·¤§èè¤èèèèéè
é¨èé¨è°èéè
èè±èéè·±¤§éééèèéèèèèè¨é訰
è PISA TIMSS éèèé·è餧éè觨°°
°è±è··±·é°è°è¤·éèèèè§éè觰§
°è·é§°°éé°±±±
¨°é°±éé§GEPé°§°èèPSLE
°èééé±èè67% °éè° 850 èèè±è 11 °
±¤èèè
è駤 meritocracyèèè±é觰éè±è
è±èè¨è·è±èéèè±é§é§éé¨é¨éè褧¤
¨è±èè¨è¤§éèè·
°°é°°è訰éè¨é°è±èèè°°é¨
è駰鱰¨¨èèèè±è§è§
¨±§§§°é· ¨ééèé餧é¨éé觨é觨¨éé
è·è¨°°è°è訰§è°¤§èè¤èèé±éé褧èé駨
¨°±¨è§§°é¤éééè·é§èè°±±é¤§·¤é±¨é
·èèèèèè·§±è§±¤§±§
¤é
°ééèéè¨ PISA TIMSS éèé
è°è訰è¨èèé°èè觰¨¤¨éè±
èè¨è·èèééèè¤è褤¨éèéèè¤è°±¤§è·è·
é
褰éè°è§°è¨èèè褷èè¤èéèéèè°±èèéè±è
èè¨è°¤§è褨¤èéè褧è¨é褧§èé·
¤¨è¤é§°è
èè°èèè¨èè餧¤··¤
è·°è±èè觰
èèè¤è±è¤§éè鱤èé±è觤è°èè
¨°±èè°è¨é¨ TIMSS °°¨ PISA è訰èèèè
è± èèéé·
·è·±°é°è·è··èèèè°°±è·èé
èèèèé
¤èèé°è±¤èèèé··¤¤··¤¨é¨
¨è觱±é§§èèé§è
è§è¨°°°èè訨豰
±°è°è·èè PISA è·è§°éé§è±°
è豰豤è°è¨è·è±è¨èè 2006 PISAèè谱谱
è°¤éè§é¨é TIMSS è±°¨ TIMSS °±èè
¨èèéè PISA è·è¨¨°é
éè·è
§é
èéè°é¨èè·è¤èè±ééè
¤§é¨éééè±éé¨é ¨è°¤è 20 °è°è¤°è±¤éé
¤§éèéè 訤èè·èéééè±é±èè±
è跤褧è¤è±è¨ééèéé±èéèèè§é·
2019 è°§èéèé¨èèéèèééè
°è°±è駰°°è±è°è°§èè§èèè¤è¤¤é
é騨°±°è±°¤é§éèéèéèèèèèéèèè騤§è°±é
¤§éé°é°éèè°è°èè¨è°é
èèéèèèèè°±èèèèé§é°¨¤§¤è°·è·è·°è
è 80 è·¨èè¨èèééèèè§èè°¤§è±
è°é¤§éè·é±èéé¨èéèè訤ééè
è§éé§
¨é
[1]http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2015/international-results/timss-2015/mathematics/student-achievement/
[2]Private Tuition in Singapore: A Whitepaper Release
http://www.blackbox.com.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Blackbox-You-Know-Anot-Whitepaper-Private-Tuition.pdf
[3]https://i.imgur.com/jfSecur.png
*¨èè°¨éè¨
è
[1]Leung, Frederick Koon-Shing, Klaus-D. Graf, and Francis J. Lopez-Real, eds. Mathematics education in different cultural traditions-A comparative study of East Asia and the West: The 13th ICMI study. Vol. 9. Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
[2]è°. ¤:èé[J]. è, 2004(06):52-52.
[3]Khavenson, Tatiana, and Martin Carnoy. "The unintended and intended academic consequences of educational reforms: the cases of Post-Soviet Estonia, Latvia and Russia." Oxford Review of Education 42.2 (2016): 178-199.
[4]International Commission on Mathematical Instruction/Commission Internationale de l'Enseignement Mathmatique. "Discussion Document: The Thirteenth ICMI Study on Mathematics Education in Different Cultural Traditions: A Comparative Study of East Asia and the West." Educational Studies in Mathematics (2000): 95-116.
[5]Tveit, Sverre, and Christian Lundahl. "New modes of policy legitimation in education:(Mis) using comparative data to effectuate assessment reform." European Educational Research Journal 17.5 (2018): 631-655.
[6]Legitimation, Higher Education, and the Postcolonial State: a comparative study of India and Kenya
[7]Komatsu, Hikaru, and Jeremy Rappleye. "Is exam hell the cause of high academic achievement in East Asia? The case of Japan and the case for transcending stereotypes." British Educational Research Journal 44.5 (2018): 802-826.
[8]West, Richard, and Johanna Crighton. "Examination Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: issues and trends." Assessment in Education: principles, policy & practice 6.2 (1999): 271-289.
[9]Kozar, Olga. "The face of private tutoring in Russia: Evidence from online marketing by private tutors." Research in Comparative and International Education 8.1 (2013): 74-86.
[10]Heyneman, Stephen P. "Uses of examinations in developing countries: Selection, research, and education sector management." International Journal of Educational Development 7.4 (1987): 251-263.
[11]Kaiser, Gabriele, Keiko Hino, and Christine Knipping. "Proposal for a framework to analyse mathematics education in Eastern and Western traditions." Mathematics Education in Different Cultural Traditions-A Comparative Study of East Asia and the West. Springer, Boston, MA, 2006. 319-351.
[12]Jerrim, John. "Why do East Asian children perform so well in PISA? An investigation of Western-born children of East Asian descent." Oxford Review of Education 41.3 (2015): 310-333.
[13]Leung, Frederick KS. "In the books there are golden houses: Mathematics assessment in East Asia." ZDM 40.6 (2008): 983.
[14]Ono, Hiroshi. "Does examination hell pay off? A costbenefit analysis of ronin and college education in Japan." Economics of Education Review 26.3 (2007): 271-284.
[15]Ninalowo, Bayo. "Education, legitimation, and crisis." Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'ducation (1984): 298-316.
[16]Carnoy, Martin, Tatiana Khavenson, and Alina Ivanova. "Using TIMSS and PISA results to inform educational policy: a study of Russia and its neighbours." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 45.2 (2015): 248-271.
[17]Mikk, Jaan. "Students' Homework and TIMSS 2003 Mathematics Results." Online Submission (2006).
[18]Waldow, Florian. "What PISA did and did not do: Germany after the PISA-shock." European Educational Research Journal 8.3 (2009): 476-483.
[19]Blossfeld, Pia N., Gwendolin J. Blossfeld, and Hans-Peter Blossfeld. "Educational expansion and inequalities in educational opportunity: Long-term changes for East and West Germany." European Sociological Review 31.2 (2015): 144-160.
[20]Khavenson, Tatiana, and Martin Carnoy. "The unintended and intended academic consequences of educational reforms: the cases of Post-Soviet Estonia, Latvia and Russia." Oxford Review of Education 42.2 (2016): 178-199.
[21]·è, éé. èé§"è"è°[J]. è, 2017(15):40-42.
[22]è±. èé§èè¤[J]. ±±è, 2001(11):5-6.
[23]é±è. èé§èè¤[J]. èè, 2005, 000(016):44-45.
[24]Why Thousands Of American Parents Are Sending Their Kids To 'Russian Math'
https://www.wbur.org/edify/2017/04/13/russian-math-school
[25]°è°è±èè201712
https://www.zaobao.com.sg/forum/views/talk/story20170102-708821
[26]Tuition in Singapore Statistics, Facts and Advice (2020)
https://smiletutor.sg/an-overview-of-tuition-in-singapore/
[27]7 in 10 parents send their children for tuition: ST poll
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/7-in-10-parents-send-their-children-for-tuition-st-poll
[28]What the world can learn from the latest PISA test results
https://www.economist.com/international/2016/12/10/what-the-world-can-learn-from-the-latest-pisa-test-results
[29]Pisa rankings: Why Estonian pupils shine in global tests
https://www.bbc.com/news/education-50590581
[30]Student accountability in post-Soviet countries
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000259570_eng
[31]PISA results can lead policymakers astray
https://www.economist.com/international/2019/12/05/pisa-results-can-lead-policymakers-astray
[32]These are the German states with the best school marks
https://www.thelocal.de/20170425/these-are-the-german-states-with-the-best-school-marks
[33]https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=DEU&treshold=10&topic=PI
褧豰¨