英文标点符号 Punctuation

  +plus加号;正号
  -minus减号;负号
  ±plusorminus正负号
  ×ismultipliedby乘号
  ÷isdividedby除号
  =isequalto等于号
  ≠isnotequalto不等于号
  ≡isequivalentto全等于号
  ≌isequaltoorapproximatelyequalto等于或约等于号
  ≈isapproximatelyequalto约等于号

  <islessthan小于号
  >ismorethan大于号
  ≮isnotlessthan不小于号
  ≯isnotmorethan不大于号
  ≤islessthanorequalto小于或等于号
  ≥ismorethanorequalto大于或等于号
  %percent百分之...
  ‰permill千分之...
  ∞infinity无限大号
  ∝variesas与...成比例

  √(square)root平方根
  ∵since;because因为
  ∴hence所以
  ∷equals,as(proportion)等于,成比例
  ∠angle角
  ⌒semicircle半圆
  ⊙circle圆
  ○circumference圆周
  πpi圆周率
  △triangle三角形

  ⊥perpendicularto垂直于
  ∪unionof并,合集
  ∩intersectionof交,通集
  ∫theintegralof...的积分
  ∑(sigma)summationof总和
  °degree度
  ′minute分
  ″second秒
  ℃Celsiussystem摄氏度

  {openbrace,opencurly左花括号
  }closebrace,closecurly右花括号
  (openparenthesis,openparen左圆括号
  )closeparenthesis,closeparen右圆括号
  ()brakets/parentheses括号
  [openbracket左方括号
  ]closebracket右方括号
  []squarebrackets方括号
  .period,dot句号,点
  |verticalbar,verticalvirgule竖线

  &ersand,and,reference,ref和,引用
  *asterisk,multiply,star,pointer星号,乘号,星,指针
  /slash,divide,oblique斜线,斜杠,除号
  //slash-slash,comment双斜线,注释符
  #pound井号
  backslash,sometimes
  escape反斜线转义符,有时表示转义符或续行符
  ~tilde波浪符

  .fullstop句号
  ,comma逗号
  :colon冒号
  ;semicolon分号
  ?questionmark问号
  !exclamationmark(英式英语)exclamationpoint(美式英语)
  'apostrophe撇号
  -hyphen连字号
  --dash破折号
  ...dots/ellipsis省略号

  "singlequotationmarks单引号
  ""doublequotationmarks双引号
  ‖parallel双线号
  &ersand=and
  ~swungdash代字号
  §section;division分节号
  →arrow箭号;参见号
PunctuationGuide-EmpowerYourWriting

Ispunctuationbecominglessimportant?Certainlythereislessofitinmodernwriting.Butlessimportant?EmphaticallyNO!

Bylearningafewsimplerulesyoucanmakeyourwritingclear,powerfulandstylish.Punctuation,properlyemployed,canleadareaderontotheconclusionyouwant.

Lookoverthisbriefsummaryofkeypunctuationmarksandseeifyouareexploitingtheseclearwritingpowertoolstothefull.

(Theseguidelinesaregeneralandfit90%ofcases.Thereareexceptionsofcoursewhicharebeyondthescopeofthisoverview.)

Apostrophe|Asterisk|Bracket|Bullets|Capitals|[Colon|Comma|Dash|Ellipsis|Exclamation|Hyphen|Parenthesis|Period|Question|Quotation|Semicolon|Slash

Apostrophe'

Apostrophesareusedintwodifferentways.

1)toindicatepossession

2)toindicatemissingletterswhenwordsareshortened(contraction).

Example:
"Let'sallgoinJohn'scar."

Theapostropheintheword"Let's"indicatesashorteningof"Letus"andtheapostrophein"John's"indicatesthecarbelongstoJohn.

ThepositionofthePossesiveApostrophecanindicatesingularorplural.

Example:
Standoutsidethegirl'sschool.(onegirl)
and
Standoutsidethegirls'school.(agroupofgirls).

Sotouseapostropheswithoutgrammaticalcatastrophes,thinkwhichuseyouneed.Istheapostropheneededtoshowpossessionortoshowcontraction?Ifneither,thenyoudon'tneedanapostrophe.

Asterisk*

Theasteriskisareferencemarkindicatingthatafootnoteorexplanatoryparagraphappearssomewhereelseonthatpage,generallyatthefootofthepage.Seethisexample.*

_____
*Anotheruseoftheasteriskhasdeveloped.Toindicateswearwordswithoutbeingobjectionableyetconveyingthesameforcemeantbythespeaker.Example:"Hereplied,'Don'tbesuchab****fool!'"

Bracket[]

Thefunctionsofthesquarebracketandtheroundbracket(parenthesis)arequitedifferent.

Squarebracketshavelimiteduse,primarilybeingusedinpublishingtoindicateeditorialcommentoracommentfromanauthority.

Example:
He[PresidentClinton]wasabouttoembarkonatouroftheFarEast.

SeeParenthesis

Bullets

Bulletedlistsareextremelyeffectiveincapturingtheinterestofyouraudience.

Personswhobrowsetheinternetwanttofindinformationquickly.Theywanttobeabletoreaditeasilywithouthavingtowadethroughpagesoftext.

Bulletsdirecttheeyetothemainpointsquickly.

Theyencouragewriterstobebrief,statingthemainpointinafewwordsoraphrase.

Theysummarizealistofpointsorconclusions.

Bottomline:Ifyouwanttowriteeffectivecopy,USEBULLETS!

CapitalsA

Themainrulesare:

Capitalizepropernouns

Example:TakeatriptoNewYorkCity.

Capitalizethefirstwordinasentence.

Capitalizethefirstletterofeachwordinatitleexceptforwordslikeand,the,a,anetc.

Capitalizeaperson'stitlewhenitcomesbeforetheirname.

Example:DoctorJones

Capitalizethefirstwordinaquotedsentence.

Example:Dereksaid:"Thatbookisworthreading."

Caution:Donotcapitalizeeverythinginatitle.Whilethedesiremaybetoattractattention,theeffectcanbetiresomeandoverdone.

Colon:

Enrichyourwritingstylewithdiscreetuseofthecolon.Itisgenerallyusedtointroducesomethingthatfollows.Herearesomeplaceswhereacoloniswellused

Tointroducealist

Example:Sendthelettertothefollowingdepartments:Sales,MarketingandAdmin.

Tointroduceaquotation

Tointroduceaquestion

Tointroduceaconclusion

Example:Theconclusionofthematterwas:Letbygonesbebygones.

Comma,

Masteringtheversatilecommacantransformyourwriting.Hereisabrieflistofsomeofit'smostimportantfunctions:

Itemizing

Example:Onthestationeryorder,pencils,rubbers,pens,staples,paperclipsandnotepadswerelisted.

Tosetapartpersonsandnames

Example:John,whatareyoudoinghere?

Addinganadditionalthought

Example:Theweddingwas,onthewhole,veryenjoyable.

Forreinforcement

Example:Hewasastrongman,verystrong.

Tosetoffcomparisons

Example:Theloudershespoke,themoreheshouted.

Dash-

Thedashcanbemorepowerfulthanacommaorasemicolonorparenthesis.However,useitjudiciously.Overdone,itcanmakeapassageseemjerky!

Whatisthedifferencebetweenadashandahyphen?Adashisusedintheconstructionofsentences.Ahyphenisusedintheconstructionofwords.

Thedashcanbeusedto:

Link

Example:Theroomwasdecoratedwiththreestrongcolors-blue,greenandred..

Pause

Example:Thetrainarrivedasexpected-onehourlate.

Interrupt

Example:"ImustaskyouSirto-well,I'msorry-toleave!"

Extendasentence

Example:Thehecklerhurledabuseatthespeaker-andthenquietlysatdown.

Separatealist

Example:Shecollectedallhertools-brushes,oils,palette,cloths,crayons,canvass-andstartedtopaint.

Ellipsis...

Thethreedotellipsisisprimarilyusedtoindicatemissingwordsorphrases.Itcancanbesubtlyusedintheseinstancestoindicate:

Anunfinishedthought

Example:Hewasabouttojumpbutthenhethought...

Animpliedwordorphrasethereaderisexpectedtoknow

Example:Whenaskedwhyhewasafraidofflyinghemerelysaid:"Whatgoesupmust..."

Wordsorphrasesomittedfromaquotation

Disjointedspeech

Example:Hewassoshockedhecouldonlymumble,"Whatthe...Imeantosay...Whereinthe..."

Exclamation!

Judicioususeoftheexclamationmarkaddsemphasistoimportantstatements.Overusekillsit'seffectiveness.Sothinktwicebeforeusinganexclamationmark.

Herearesomesituationswherenothingbutanexclamationmarkwillgivethesamesense:

Tocommand

Example:Getback!

Toconveyironyorreversemeaning

Example:Youmustbejoking!

Toemphasizeinsults

Example:Youblitheringidiot!

Toconveyangerordisgust

Example:Thatsmellisabsolutelyrevolting!

Hyphen-

Hyphensareusedtojointwoassociatedwords.Toillustrate,thehyphenin"man-eatingtiger"changesthemeaningentirelyfrom"maneatingtiger".Inthefirstinstancewearetalkingaboutatigerwhohasatasteforhumans.Inthesecondwearetalkingaboutamanwhohasatastefortigers.

Hyphensarealsoused:

Asguidestopronunciation

Examples:co-operation,re-establish

Todivideawordattheendofaline

Foremphasis

Example:Isaid,"I'mf-r-e-e-z-i-n-g".

Toseparategroupednames

Example:TheAnglo-FrenchAlliance

Parenthesis()

Parenthesis(roundbrackets)insertrelevant,additionalmaterialintoasentencealthoughthesentencewouldstillreadsmoothlywithoutit.

Herearesomeusesforparenthesis:

Toaddinformation

Example:Thehousewasinanideallocationnearthesea(justafiveminutewalk)sotherewasnoproblemingettingtenants.

Toaddafterthoughts

Example:Thespeakerwastotallyunpreparedforthiskindofaudience(orsoitseemed).

Forclarification

Example:TheiractionwasinviolationoftheTermsandConditions(page2,paragraph3)theyhadsigned.

Toaddpersonalremarks

Example:Theyweresoproudoftheirnewlydecoratedapartment(tomeitseemedalittletacky)theyinsistedongivingeveryvisitoraguidedtour.

Toshowoptions

Example:Pleaseputthedocument(s)inthetrayonthesecretary'sdesk.

Period.

Theperiodorfullstopmayonlybeadot,butwhatapowerfuldot!

Itisusedtoseparatesentences.Readingapassagenotdelimitedwithperiodswouldbeextremelytiresomeandthemeaningwouldbecomequiteambiguous.

Soremember,whetherthesentenceisshortorlong,itMUSTconcludewithaperiod.

Periodshavealsobeenusedtraditionallytoindicateanabbreviation.

Example:a.m.andp.m.

Inmodernusagehoweverthisisbecomingmoreinfrequentandabbreviationsnowregularlyappearwithoutperiods.

Example:amandpm

Question?

Themostobvioususeofthequestionmarkisattheendofasentencewhichasksadirectquestion.

Example:Whereareyougoingthisweekend?

However,whenanindirectquestionisraisedaquestionmarkisnotneeded.

Example:SheaskedmeifIenjoyedhercooking.

Thequestionmarkcanalsobeusedtocreateothereffects:

Todeclare

Example:Didyoureallythinkyoucouldgetawaywiththis?

Herethequestionmarktingestheexpressionwithangerandfrustration.

Toexclaim

Example:Isn'tthatabeautifulsunset?

Thequestionaddsforcetothestatementmakingitanexclamation.

Toinviteananswer

Example:Thisseemsthewrongcolor,don'tyouthink?

Quotation"

Quotationmarksareusedtoindicatedirectspeech.Theyareextremelyimportantinconveyingaccuratemeaning.Withoutthemitcanbehardtoknowwhoisspeakingorwhoisbeingspokenabout;whetherthequotationisaparaphraseorwhetheritisdirectspeech.

Example:Tomsaid,"Itwashisfaultwewerelate."

Tomsaiditwashisfault"wewerelate".

InthefirstexampleTomisblamingsomeoneelse.Inthesecondexampleheistakingresponsibilityhimself.Thequotationmarksmakeallthedifferencetothemeaning.

Shouldquotationsbedoubleorsingle?Thereyouhaveacontroversy.Sufficetosay,whicheveroneyouchoose,consistentlystickwithit!

Shouldendingpunctuationbewithinthequotesoroutsidethequotes?

InAmericanEnglish,allpunctuationmarkscomewithinquotationmarksattheendofasentence.

InBritishEnglish,apunctuationmarkcomeswithinthequotationmarksifitdirectlyrelatestothequote.Ifthepunctuationrelatestothesentenceasawholethenitcomesoutsidethequotationmarks.

Hereareanumberofinstanceswherequotationmarksareeffective:

Toindicateatitle

Example:HestartedrecitingShakespeare'sclassic,"JuliusCaesar".

Toindicatedoubtordisbelief

Example:Theback-streetclinichadone"doctor"ondutythatevening.

Toindicatethatawordofphraseshouldnotbetakenliterally

Example:Newsyntheticfibreshavemade"grass"playingsurfacesverydurable.

Semicolon;

Theusesofsemicolonsarenumerous.Herearethemainones:

Tojoinwords,phrasesandsentences

Toseparatewordgroupsthatalreadycontaincommas

Example:ThecommitteewasmadeupofM.Harding,President;J.Gower,Vice-president;B.Gardner,SecretaryandW.TaylorasChairman.

Toprovideapausebeforecertainadverbsandconjunctions

Example:Hejustscrapedpastthefinishinglinebyahair'sbreadth;nevertheless,hewon!

Toemphasizeoppositestatementsandcontrast

Example:Thehouselookedbeautifulaftertherenovation;pityaboutthegarden.

Slash/

Theslashhaslimitedfunctions.Primarilyitisused:

Toindicateoptions

Example:Thatwillbehis/herchoice.

Toabbreviate

Example:careof-c/o
account-A/c

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