MySQL—内连接和外连接区别

区别

• 内连接（inner join）：取出两张表中匹配到的数据，匹配不到的不保留
• 外连接（outer join）：取出连接表中匹配到的数据，匹配不到的也会保留，其值为NULL

示例表

users表

mysql> select * from users;
+----+-------+
| id | name  |
+----+-------+
|  1 | john  |
|  2 | May   |
|  3 | Lucy  |
|  4 | Jack  |
|  5 | James |
+----+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

topics表

mysql> select * from topics;
+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
| id | title                                 | user_id |
+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
|  1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |
|  2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |
|  3 | Laravel artist                        |       6 |
+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

内连接(inner join)

• 示例

mysql> select * from users as u inner join topics as t on u.id=t.user_id;
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
| id | name | id | title                                 | user_id |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
|  1 | john |  1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |
|  2 | May  |  2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

inner可以省略，as是给表起别名，也可以省略

mysql> select * from users u join topics t on u.id=t.user_id;
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
| id | name | id | title                                 | user_id |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
|  1 | john |  1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |
|  2 | May  |  2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上两句等价于

mysql> select * from users,topics where users.id=topics.user_id;
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
| id | name | id | title                                 | user_id |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
|  1 | john |  1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |
|  2 | May  |  2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |
+----+------+----+---------------------------------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

外连接(outer join)

• 左外连接（left outer join）：以左边的表为主表
• 右外连接（right outer join）：以右边的表为主表

以某一个表为主表，进行关联查询，不管能不能关联的上，主表的数据都会保留，关联不上的以NULL显示

通俗解释就是：先拿出主表的所有数据，然后到关联的那张表去找有没有符合关联条件的数据，如果有，正常显示，如果没有，显示为NULL

示例

mysql> select * from users as u left join topics as t on u.id=t.user_id;
+----+-------+------+---------------------------------------+---------+
| id | name  | id   | title                                 | user_id |
+----+-------+------+---------------------------------------+---------+
|  1 | john  |    1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |
|  2 | May   |    2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |
|  3 | Lucy  | NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |
|  4 | Jack  | NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |
|  5 | James | NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |
+----+-------+------+---------------------------------------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

等价于以下，只是字段的位置不一样

mysql> select * from topics as t right join users as u on u.id=t.user_id;
+------+---------------------------------------+---------+----+-------+
| id   | title                                 | user_id | id | name  |
+------+---------------------------------------+---------+----+-------+
|    1 |  Hello world                          |       1 |  1 | john  |
|    2 | PHP is the best language in the world |       2 |  2 | May   |
| NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |  3 | Lucy  |
| NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |  4 | Jack  |
| NULL | NULL                                  |    NULL |  5 | James |
+------+---------------------------------------+---------+----+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

左外连接和右外连接是相对的，主要就是以哪个表为主表去进行关联