【英语学习】【医学】20种氨基酸的中英文名称与词源

氨基酸的中英文名称及其词源

后缀-ine在化学学科中用于 “forming names of alkaloids, halogens, amines, amino acids, and other substances.”

氨基酸的中文名称，有些是音译过来的，例如赖氨酸；有些是按照词源意译过来的，例如半胱氨酸，酪氨酸，甘氨酸，这些意译的名称比较好记；有些则看不出是怎么来的，丙氨酸。

这个视频有每种氨基酸的发音与结构：Memorize The 20 Amino Acids - The Easy Way!

英文	发音	3-letter缩写	1-letter缩写	中文	词源
alanine	/ˈaləˌnēn/	ala	A	丙氨酸	mid 19th century: coined in German as Alanin, from aldehyde + -an (for ease of pronunciation) + -ine
arginine	/ˈärjəˌnēn,-ˌnīn/	arg	R	精氨酸	late 19th century: from German Arginin, perhaps from Greek arginoeis ‘bright-shining, white’. Literally meaning: “pertaining to silver”
asparagine	/əˈsperəjēn,əˈsperəjən/	asn	N	天冬酰胺	early 19th century: from asparagus (which contains it) + -ine
aspartic acid	/əˌspärtik ˈasid/	asp	D	天冬氨酸	mid 19th century: aspartic from French aspartique, formed arbitrarily from Latin asparagus (see asparagus).
cysteine	/ˈsistəˌēn,ˈsisˌtēn/	cys	C	半胱氨酸	late 19th century: from cystine1 + -eine (variant of -ine)
glutamine	/ˈɡlo͞odəˌmēn/	gln	G	谷氨酰胺	late 19th century: blend of glutamic acid and amine.
glutamic acid	/ɡlo͞oˌtamik ˈasəd/	glu	E	谷氨酸	late 19th century: from gluten2 + amine + -ic.
glycine	/ˈɡlīsēn/	gly	G	甘氨酸	mid 19th century: from Greek glukus ‘sweet’ + -ine
histidine	/ˈhistəˌdēn/	his	H	组氨酸	late 19th century: from Greek histos ‘web, tissue’ + -ide3 + -ine
isoleucine	/ˌaɪ.səˈluː.siːn/	ile	I	异亮氨酸	iso- +‎ leucine（见下条）
leucine	/ˈlo͞osən,ˈlo͞oˌsēn/	leu	L	亮氨酸	early 19th century: coined in French from Greek leukos ‘white’ + -ine
lysine	/ˈlīsēn/	lys	K	赖氨酸	late 19th century: from German Lysin, based on lysis
methionine	/məˈTHīəˌnēn/	met	M	蛋氨酸 （甲硫氨酸）	1920s: from methyl + Greek theion ‘sulfur’
phenylalanine	/ ˌfe-nᵊl-ˈa-lə-ˌnēn/	phe	F	苯丙氨酸	phenyl +‎ alanine
proline	/ˈprōˌlēn/	pro	P	脯氨酸	early 20th century: contraction of the chemical name p(yr)rol(id)ine4 -2-carboxylic acid.
serine	/ˈserēn,ˈsi(ə)r-,-in/	ser	S	丝氨酸	late 19th century: from Latin sericum ‘silk’ + -ine
threonine	/ˈTHrēəˌnēn,-nin/	thr	T	苏氨酸	1930s: from threose (the name of a tetrose5 sugar) + -ine
tryptophan	/ˈtriptəˌfan/	trp	W	色氨酸	late 19th century: from tryptic ‘relating to trypsin6’ + Greek phainein ‘appear’.
tyrosine	/ˈtīrəˌsēn/	tyr	Y	酪氨酸	mid 19th century: formed irregularly from Greek turos ‘cheese’ + -ine
valine	/ˈvaˌlēn,ˈvāˌlēn/	val	V	缬（xié）氨酸	early 20th century: from valeriana7 + -ine

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1. cystine /ˈsistēn/: n. 胱氨酸，词源：mid 19th century: from Greek kustis ‘bladder’ (because it was first isolated from urinary calculi) + -ine. ↩︎

2. gluten /ˈɡlo͞otn/: n. 麸质，词源：late 16th century (originally denoting protein from animal tissue): via French from Latin, literally ‘glue’. ↩︎

3. -ide: [chemistry] forming nouns denoting binary compounds of a nonmetallic or more electronegative element or group. originally used in oxide. ↩︎

4. pyrrolidine: 吡咯啶，又称四氢吡咯，是五元含氮的饱和杂环化合物。蛋白质中的脯氨酸就是四氢吡咯的2-取代物。 ↩︎

5. tetrose: 丁糖，四糖，词源：tetra- (“four”) +‎ -ose (“sugar”) ↩︎

6. trypsin: 胰蛋白酶，词源：late 19th century: from Greek tripsis ‘friction’, from tribein ‘to rub’ (because it was first obtained by rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine（甘油）), + -in. ↩︎

7. valerian /vəˈlirēən: . 缬草，词源：late Middle English: from Old French valeriane, from medieval Latin valeriana (herba ), apparently the feminine of Valerianus ‘of Valerius’ (a personal name). ↩︎