综述:
Harris角点(Corner)
判断Harris角点:
FAST角点检测是一种快速角点特征检测算法。
FAST角点定义为:若某像素点与其周围领域内足够多的像素点处于不同的区域,则该像素点可能为角点,也就是某些属性与众不同。
FAST特征点检测是对兴趣点所在圆周上的16个像素点进行判断,若判断后的当前中心像素点为暗或亮,将决定其是否为角点。
确定一个阈值t,观察某像素点为中心的一个半径等于3像素的离散化的圆,这个圆的边界上有16个像素。
如果在这个大小为16个像素的圆上有N(12)个连续的像素点,他们的像素值要么都比
I p + t I_p+t Ip+t
大,要么都比
I p − t I_p-t Ip−t
小,则p他就是一个角点。
SURF(Speed-Up Robust Features)算子是Herbert Bay等人在2006年提出的,它是对SIFT的改进,可将速度提高三倍。
SURF只要是把SIFT中的某些运算做了简化。
BRIEF需要先平滑图片,然后在特征点周围选择一个Patch,在这个Patch内通过一种选定的方法来挑选Nd个点对。
所有Nd个点对,都进行比较之间,我们就生成了一个Nd长的二进制串。
点对的生成方式(共有五种)
点对的位置一旦随机选定,就不能再更改
LBP(局部二值模式)
import numpy as np
import cv2 as cv
filename = "picture/chessboard.png"
img = cv.imread(filename)
gray = cv.cvtColor(img,cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray = np.float32(gray)
dst = cv.cornerHarris(gray,2,3,0.04)
#result is dilated for marking the corners, not important
dst = cv.dilate(dst,None)
# Threshold for an optimal value, it may vary depending on the image.
img[dst>0.01*dst.max()]=[0,0,255]
cv.imshow('dst',img)
if cv.waitKey(0) & 0xff == 27:
cv.destroyAllWindows()
import numpy as np
import cv2 as cv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
img1 = cv.imread('picture/box.png',0) # queryImage
img2 = cv.imread('picture/box_in_scene.png',0) # trainImage
# Initiate ORB detector
orb = cv.ORB_create()
# find the keypoints and descriptors with ORB
kp1, des1 = orb.detectAndCompute(img1,None)
kp2, des2 = orb.detectAndCompute(img2,None)
# create BFMatcher object
bf = cv.BFMatcher(cv.NORM_HAMMING, crossCheck=True)
# Match descriptors.
matches = bf.match(des1,des2)
# Sort them in the order of their distance.
matches = sorted(matches, key = lambda x:x.distance)
# Draw first 10 matches.
img3 = cv.drawMatches(img1,kp1,img2,kp2,matches[:20],None, flags=2)
plt.imshow(img3),plt.show()
from Stitcher import Stitcher
import cv2
# 读取拼接图片
imageA = cv2.imread("image/3.png")
imageB = cv2.imread("image/4.png")
# 把图片拼接成全景图
stitcher = Stitcher()
(result, vis) = stitcher.stitch([imageA, imageB], showMatches=True)
# 显示所有图片
cv2.imshow("Image A", imageA)
cv2.imshow("Image B", imageB)
cv2.imshow("Keypoint Matches", vis)
cv2.imshow("Result", result)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
import numpy as np
import cv2
class Stitcher:
#拼接函数
def stitch(self, images, ratio=0.75, reprojThresh=4.0,showMatches=False):
#获取输入图片
(imageB, imageA) = images
#检测A、B图片的SIFT关键特征点,并计算特征描述子
(kpsA, featuresA) = self.detectAndDescribe(imageA)
(kpsB, featuresB) = self.detectAndDescribe(imageB)
# 匹配两张图片的所有特征点,返回匹配结果
M = self.matchKeypoints(kpsA, kpsB, featuresA, featuresB, ratio, reprojThresh)
# 如果返回结果为空,没有匹配成功的特征点,退出算法
if M is None:
return None
# 否则,提取匹配结果
# H是3x3视角变换矩阵
(matches, H, status) = M
# 将图片A进行视角变换,result是变换后图片
result = cv2.warpPerspective(imageA, H, (imageA.shape[1] + imageB.shape[1], imageA.shape[0]))
# 将图片B传入result图片最左端
result[0:imageB.shape[0], 0:imageB.shape[1]] = imageB
# 检测是否需要显示图片匹配
if showMatches:
# 生成匹配图片
vis = self.drawMatches(imageA, imageB, kpsA, kpsB, matches, status)
# 返回结果
return (result, vis)
# 返回匹配结果
return result
def detectAndDescribe(self, image):
# 将彩色图片转换成灰度图
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# 建立SIFT生成器
descriptor = cv2.xfeatures2d.SIFT_create()
# 检测SIFT特征点,并计算描述子
(kps, features) = descriptor.detectAndCompute(image, None)
# 将结果转换成NumPy数组
kps = np.float32([kp.pt for kp in kps])
# 返回特征点集,及对应的描述特征
return (kps, features)
def matchKeypoints(self, kpsA, kpsB, featuresA, featuresB, ratio, reprojThresh):
# 建立暴力匹配器
matcher = cv2.DescriptorMatcher_create("BruteForce")
# 使用KNN检测来自A、B图的SIFT特征匹配对,K=2
rawMatches = matcher.knnMatch(featuresA, featuresB, 2)
matches = []
for m in rawMatches:
# 当最近距离跟次近距离的比值小于ratio值时,保留此匹配对
if len(m) == 2 and m[0].distance < m[1].distance * ratio:
# 存储两个点在featuresA, featuresB中的索引值
matches.append((m[0].trainIdx, m[0].queryIdx))
# 当筛选后的匹配对大于4时,计算视角变换矩阵
if len(matches) > 4:
# 获取匹配对的点坐标
ptsA = np.float32([kpsA[i] for (_, i) in matches])
ptsB = np.float32([kpsB[i] for (i, _) in matches])
# 计算视角变换矩阵
(H, status) = cv2.findHomography(ptsA, ptsB, cv2.RANSAC, reprojThresh)
# 返回结果
return (matches, H, status)
# 如果匹配对小于4时,返回None
return None
def drawMatches(self, imageA, imageB, kpsA, kpsB, matches, status):
# 初始化可视化图片,将A、B图左右连接到一起
(hA, wA) = imageA.shape[:2]
(hB, wB) = imageB.shape[:2]
vis = np.zeros((max(hA, hB), wA + wB, 3), dtype="uint8")
vis[0:hA, 0:wA] = imageA
vis[0:hB, wA:] = imageB
# 联合遍历,画出匹配对
for ((trainIdx, queryIdx), s) in zip(matches, status):
# 当点对匹配成功时,画到可视化图上
if s == 1:
# 画出匹配对
ptA = (int(kpsA[queryIdx][0]), int(kpsA[queryIdx][1]))
ptB = (int(kpsB[trainIdx][0]) + wA, int(kpsB[trainIdx][1]))
cv2.line(vis, ptA, ptB, (0, 255, 0), 1)
# 返回可视化结果
return vis