今天是中秋节,先祝各位中秋快乐吧。作为北漂的人,对于过节最大的感触就是没气氛~ 中秋是一个特别重要的节日,小的时候过中秋都是特别快乐的,有月饼吃,和家人上月,过完中秋要去亲戚家拜访等等。现在对于我们来说也就是一个节日罢了,窝在家里看点电视、看点书、吃顿好的,虽说生活好了,但日子过得没啥滋味。废话不多说,开始今天的学习吧。
对于学习编程的人而言,大多数人第一个项目都是著名的"Hello World",自从K&R开了这个先例,后面的人就很少有打破的。学习Android开发也是这样,我们第一次创建应用,估计也就是运行程序,然后在模拟器上输出一个Hello World,我们看到最简单的Activity中的内容大致是这样的:
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main_activity);
}
}
main_activity.xml大致是这样的 :
然后执行程序,我们就可以看到模拟器中的Hello World了。
图1
我们在整个过程中做的事情很少,在我们的main_activity.xml我们只有一个显示文本的TextView,但是在上图中却还多了一个title。我们好奇的是整个过程是怎么工作的?对于大型系统来说细节总是复杂的,在下水平有限,所以我们今天只来理一下它的基本脉络。
一般来说我们设置页面的内容视图是都是通过setContentView方法,那么我们就以2.3源码为例就来看看Activity中的setContentView到底做了什么吧。
/**
* Set the activity content from a layout resource. The resource will be
* inflated, adding all top-level views to the activity.
*
* @param layoutResID Resource ID to be inflated.
*/
public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
getWindow().setContentView(layoutResID);
}
public Window getWindow() {
return mWindow;
}
private Window mWindow;
我们可以看到,实际上调用的mWindow的setContentView方法,在Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章中我们已经指出Window的实现类为PhoneWindow类,我们就移步到PhoneWindow的setConentView吧,核心源码如下 :
@Override
public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
if (mContentParent == null) {
installDecor(); // 1、生成DecorView
} else {
mContentParent.removeAllViews();
}
mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId的布局添加到mContentParent中
final Callback cb = getCallback();
if (cb != null) {
cb.onContentChanged();
}
}
// 构建mDecor对象,并且初始化标题栏和Content Parent(我们要显示的内容区域)
private void installDecor() {
if (mDecor == null) {
mDecor = generateDecor(); // 3、构建DecorView
mDecor.setDescendantFocusability(ViewGroup.FOCUS_AFTER_DESCENDANTS);
mDecor.setIsRootNamespace(true);
}
if (mContentParent == null) {
mContentParent = generateLayout(mDecor); // 4、获取ContentView容器,即显示内容的区域
mTitleView = (TextView)findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title); 5、设置Title等
if (mTitleView != null) {
if ((getLocalFeatures() & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) != 0) {
View titleContainer = findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title_container);
if (titleContainer != null) {
titleContainer.setVisibility(View.GONE);
} else {
mTitleView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
}
if (mContentParent instanceof FrameLayout) {
((FrameLayout)mContentParent).setForeground(null);
}
} else {
mTitleView.setText(mTitle);
}
}
}
}
protected DecorView generateDecor() {
return new DecorView(getContext(), -1); // 构建mDecor对象
}
我们可以看到,setContentView的基本流程简单概括就是如下几步:
1、构建mDecor对象。mDecor就是整个窗口的顶层视图,它主要包含了Title和Content View两个区域 (参考图1中的两个区域 ),Title区域就是我们的标题栏,Content View区域就是显示我们xml布局内容中的区域。关于mDecor对象更多说明也请参考Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章;
2、设置一些关于窗口的属性,初始化标题栏区域和内容显示区域;
这里比较复杂的就是generateLayout(mDecor)这个函数,我们一起来分析一下吧。
// 返回用于显示我们设置的页面内容的ViewGroup容器
protected ViewGroup generateLayout(DecorView decor) {
// Apply data from current theme.
// 1、获取窗口的Style属性
TypedArray a = getWindowStyle();
if (false) {
System.out.println("From style:");
String s = "Attrs:";
for (int i = 0; i < com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window.length; i++) {
s = s + " " + Integer.toHexString(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window[i]) + "="
+ a.getString(i);
}
System.out.println(s);
}
// 窗口是否是浮动的
mIsFloating = a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowIsFloating, false);
int flagsToUpdate = (FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR)
& (~getForcedWindowFlags());
if (mIsFloating) {
setLayout(WRAP_CONTENT, WRAP_CONTENT);
setFlags(0, flagsToUpdate);
} else {
setFlags(FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR, flagsToUpdate);
}
// 设置是否不显示title区域
if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowNoTitle, false)) {
requestFeature(FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
}
// 设置全屏的flag
if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFullscreen, false)) {
setFlags(FLAG_FULLSCREEN, FLAG_FULLSCREEN&(~getForcedWindowFlags()));
}
if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowShowWallpaper, false)) {
setFlags(FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER, FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER&(~getForcedWindowFlags()));
}
WindowManager.LayoutParams params = getAttributes();
// 设置输入法模式
if (!hasSoftInputMode()) {
params.softInputMode = a.getInt(
com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowSoftInputMode,
params.softInputMode);
}
if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimEnabled,
mIsFloating)) {
/* All dialogs should have the window dimmed */
if ((getForcedWindowFlags()&WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND) == 0) {
params.flags |= WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND;
}
params.dimAmount = a.getFloat(
android.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimAmount, 0.5f);
}
// 窗口动画
if (params.windowAnimations == 0) {
params.windowAnimations = a.getResourceId(
com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowAnimationStyle, 0);
}
// The rest are only done if this window is not embedded; otherwise,
// the values are inherited from our container.
if (getContainer() == null) {
if (mBackgroundDrawable == null) {
if (mBackgroundResource == 0) {
mBackgroundResource = a.getResourceId(
com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowBackground, 0);
}
if (mFrameResource == 0) {
mFrameResource = a.getResourceId(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFrame, 0);
}
if (false) {
System.out.println("Background: "
+ Integer.toHexString(mBackgroundResource) + " Frame: "
+ Integer.toHexString(mFrameResource));
}
}
mTextColor = a.getColor(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_textColor, 0xFF000000);
}
// Inflate the window decor.
// 2、根据一些属性来选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如设置了FEATURE_NO_TITLE的属性,那么就选择没有Title区域的那么布局;
// layoutResource布局就是整个Activity的布局,其中含有title区域和content区域,content区域就是用来显示我通过
// setContentView设置进来的内容区域,也就是我们要显示的视图。
int layoutResource;
int features = getLocalFeatures();
// System.out.println("Features: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(features));
if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_LEFT_ICON) | (1 << FEATURE_RIGHT_ICON))) != 0) {
if (mIsFloating) {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title_icons;
} else {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title_icons;
}
// System.out.println("Title Icons!");
} else if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_PROGRESS) | (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS))) != 0) {
// Special case for a window with only a progress bar (and title).
// XXX Need to have a no-title version of embedded windows.
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_progress;
// System.out.println("Progress!");
} else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_CUSTOM_TITLE)) != 0) {
// Special case for a window with a custom title.
// If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout
if (mIsFloating) {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_custom_title;
} else {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_custom_title;
}
} else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) == 0) {
// If no other features and not embedded, only need a title.
// If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout
if (mIsFloating) {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title;
} else {
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title;
}
// System.out.println("Title!");
} else {
// Embedded, so no decoration is needed.
layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_simple;
// System.out.println("Simple!");
}
mDecor.startChanging();
// 3、加载视图
View in = mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResource, null);
// 4、将layoutResource的内容添加到mDecor中
decor.addView(in, new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT));
// 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout
ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);
if (contentParent == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Window couldn't find content container view");
}
if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS)) != 0) {
ProgressBar progress = getCircularProgressBar(false);
if (progress != null) {
progress.setIndeterminate(true);
}
}
// 6、设置一些背景、title等属性
// Remaining setup -- of background and title -- that only applies
// to top-level windows.
if (getContainer() == null) {
Drawable drawable = mBackgroundDrawable;
if (mBackgroundResource != 0) {
drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mBackgroundResource);
}
mDecor.setWindowBackground(drawable);
drawable = null;
if (mFrameResource != 0) {
drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mFrameResource);
}
mDecor.setWindowFrame(drawable);
// System.out.println("Text=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextColor) +
// " Sel=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextSelectedColor) +
// " Title=" + Integer.toHexString(mTitleColor));
if (mTitleColor == 0) {
mTitleColor = mTextColor;
}
if (mTitle != null) {
setTitle(mTitle);
}
setTitleColor(mTitleColor);
}
mDecor.finishChanging();
return contentParent;
}
其实也就是这么几个步骤:
1、获取用户设置的一些属性与Flag;
2、根据一些属性选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如FEATURE_NO_TITLE则选择没有title的布局文件等;这里我们看一个与图1中符合的顶层布局吧,即layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title的情形:
我们可以看到有两个区域,即title区域和content区域,generateLayout函数中的
// 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout
ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);
获取的就是xml中id为content的FrameLayout,这个content就是我们的内容显示区域。整个布局对应的效果如下 :
这两个区域就组成了mDecor视图,我们的main_activity.xml就是放在内容视图这个区域的。
3、加载顶层布局文件,转换为View,将其添加到mDecor中;
4、获取内容容器Content Parent,即用于显示我们的内容的区域;
5、设置一些背景图和title等。
在经过这几步,我们就得到了mContentParent,这就是用来装载我们的视图的ViewGroup。再回过头来看setContentView函数:
public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
if (mContentParent == null) {
installDecor(); // 1、生成DecorView,并且根据窗口属性加载顶级视图布局、获取mContentParent、设置一些基本属性等
} else {
mContentParent.removeAllViews();
}
mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId加载到mContentParent中,这里的layoutResId就是我们的main_activity.xml
final Callback cb = getCallback();
if (cb != null) {
cb.onContentChanged();
}
}
我们看看LayoutInflater的inflate函数吧 :
/**
* Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
* {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
*
* @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
* R.layout.main_page
)
* @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy.
* @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied,
* this is the root View; otherwise it is the root of the inflated
* XML file.
*/
public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root) {
return inflate(resource, root, root != null);
}
/**
* Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
* {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
*
* @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
* R.layout.main_page
)
* @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy (if
* attachToRoot is true), or else simply an object that
* provides a set of LayoutParams values for root of the returned
* hierarchy (if attachToRoot is false.)
* @param attachToRoot Whether the inflated hierarchy should be attached to
* the root parameter? If false, root is only used to create the
* correct subclass of LayoutParams for the root view in the XML.
* @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied and
* attachToRoot is true, this is root; otherwise it is the root of
* the inflated XML file.
*/
public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot) {
if (DEBUG) System.out.println("INFLATING from resource: " + resource);
XmlResourceParser parser = getContext().getResources().getLayout(resource);
try {
return inflate(parser, root, attachToRoot);
} finally {
parser.close();
}
}
实际上就是将layoutResId这个布局的视图附加到mContentParent中。
移步 : DecorView 。
ViewGroup从语义上来说就是视图组,它也继承自View类,它其实就是视图的容器。我们看官方的定义 :
* A ViewGroup is a special view that can contain other views
* (called children.) The view group is the base class for layouts and views
* containers. This class also defines the
* {@link android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams} class which serves as the base
* class for layouts parameters.
我们通过ViewGroup来组织、管理子视图,例如我们常见的FrameLayout、LinearLayout、RelativeLayout、ListView等都是ViewGroup类型,总之只要能包含其他View或者ViewGroup的都是ViewGroup类型。
使用ViewGroup来构建视图树。
View就是UI界面上的一个可见的组件,任何在UI上可见的都为View的子类。我们看官方定义 :
* This class represents the basic building block for user interface components. A View
* occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for drawing and
* event handling. View is the base class for widgets, which are
* used to create interactive UI components (buttons, text fields, etc.). The
* {@link android.view.ViewGroup} subclass is the base class for layouts, which
* are invisible containers that hold other Views (or other ViewGroups) and define
* their layout properties.
TextView、Button、ImageView、FrameLayout、LinearLayout、ListView等都是View的子类。
这样,ViewGroup类型的视图管理嵌套在里面的ViewGroup以及View控件组成了丰富多彩的用户界面。例如我们开篇的Hello World的视图结构是这样的 :
整个窗口由Title区域和Content区域组成,Content区域就是我们要显示内容的区域,在这个区域中mContentParent是根ViewGroup,由mContentParent组织、管理其子视图,从而构建整个视图树。当Activity启动时,就将这些内容就会显示在手机上。