leetcode子集合，数组之和
1.子集合
Given a set of distinct integers, S, return all possible subsets.
Note:
- Elements in a subset must be in non-descending order.
- The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.
For example,
If S = [1,2,3], a solution is:
[
[3],
[1],
[2],
[1,2,3],
[1,3],
[2,3],
[1,2],
[]
]
这道求子集合的问题，由于其要列出所有结果，按照以往的经验，肯定要是要用递归来做。
// Recursion
class Solution {
public:
vector > subsets(vector &S) {
vector > res;
vector out;
sort(S.begin(), S.end());
getSubsets(S, 0, out, res);
return res;
}
void getSubsets(vector &S, int pos, vector &out, vector > &res) {
res.push_back(out);
for (int i = pos; i < S.size(); ++i) {
out.push_back(S[i]);
getSubsets(S, i + 1, out, res);
out.pop_back();
}
}
}; 2.
Given a collection of integers that might contain duplicates, S, return all possible subsets.
Note:
- Elements in a subset must be in non-descending order.
- The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.
For example,
If S = [1,2,2], a solution is:
[
[2],
[1],
[1,2,2],
[2,2],
[1,2],
[]
]
这道子集合之二是之前那道 Subsets 子集合 的延伸，这次输入数组允许有重复项，其他条件都不变，只需要在之前那道题解法的基础上稍加改动便可以做出来，
class Solution {
public:
vector> subsetsWithDup(vector &S) {
if (S.empty()) return {};
vector> res;
vector out;
sort(S.begin(), S.end());
getSubsets(S, 0, out, res);
return res;
}
void getSubsets(vector &S, int pos, vector &out, vector> &res) {
res.push_back(out);
for (int i = pos; i < S.size(); ++i) {
out.push_back(S[i]);
getSubsets(S, i + 1, out, res);
out.pop_back();
while (i + 1 < S.size() && S[i] == S[i + 1]) ++i;
}
}
}; 3.
You are given a list of non-negative integers, a1, a2, ..., an, and a target, S. Now you have 2 symbols + and -. For each integer, you should choose one from + and - as its new symbol.
Find out how many ways to assign symbols to make sum of integers equal to target S.
Example 1:
Input: nums is [1, 1, 1, 1, 1], S is 3. Output: 5 Explanation: -1+1+1+1+1 = 3 +1-1+1+1+1 = 3 +1+1-1+1+1 = 3 +1+1+1-1+1 = 3 +1+1+1+1-1 = 3 There are 5 ways to assign symbols to make the sum of nums be target 3.
Note:
-
- The length of the given array is positive and will not exceed 20.
- The sum of elements in the given array will not exceed 1000.
- Your output answer is guaranteed to be fitted in a 32-bit integer.
这道题给了我们一个数组，和一个目标值，让我们给数组中每个数字加上正号或负号，然后求和要和目标值相等，求有多少中不同的情况。那么对于这种求多种情况的问题，我最想到的方法使用递归来做。我们从第一个数字，调用递归函数，在递归函数中，分别对目标值进行加上当前数字调用递归，和减去当前数字调用递归，这样会涵盖所有情况，并且当所有数字遍历完成后，我们看若目标值为0了，则结果res自增1，参见代码如下：
class Solution {
public:
int findTargetSumWays(vector& nums, int S) {
int res = 0;
helper(nums, S, 0, res);
return res;
}
void helper(vector& nums, int S, int start, int& res) {
if (start >= nums.size()) {
if (S == 0) ++res;
return;
}
helper(nums, S - nums[start], start + 1, res);
helper(nums, S + nums[start], start + 1, res);
}
}; 4.Combination Sum 组合之和
Given a set of candidate numbers (candidates) (without duplicates) and a target number (target), find all unique combinations in candidates where the candidate numbers sums to target.
The same repeated number may be chosen from candidates unlimited number of times.
Note:
- All numbers (including
target) will be positive integers. - The solution set must not contain duplicate combinations.
Example 1:
Input: candidates =[2,3,6,7],target =7, A solution set is: [ [7], [2,2,3] ]
Example 2:
Input: candidates = [2,3,5], target = 8,
A solution set is:
[
[2,2,2,2],
[2,3,3],
[3,5]
]
class Solution {
public:
vector> combinationSum(vector& candidates, int target) {
vector> res;
combinationSumDFS(candidates, target, 0, {}, res);
return res;
}
void combinationSumDFS(vector& candidates, int target, int start, vector out, vector>& res) {
if (target < 0) return;
if (target == 0) {res.push_back(out); return;}
for (int i = start; i < candidates.size(); ++i) {
out.push_back(candidates[i]);
combinationSumDFS(candidates, target - candidates[i], i, out, res);
out.pop_back();
}
}
}; 5.Combination Sum II 组合之和之二
Given a collection of candidate numbers (C) and a target number (T), find all unique combinations in C where the candidate numbers sums to T.
Each number in C may only be used once in the combination.
Note:
- All numbers (including target) will be positive integers.
- Elements in a combination (a1, a2, … , ak) must be in non-descending order. (ie, a1 ≤ a2 ≤ … ≤ ak).
- The solution set must not contain duplicate combinations.
For example, given candidate set 10,1,2,7,6,1,5 and target 8,
A solution set is: [1, 7] [1, 2, 5] [2, 6] [1, 1, 6]
这道题跟之前那道 Combination Sum 组合之和 本质没有区别，只需要改动一点点即可，之前那道题给定数组中的数字可以重复使用，而这道题不能重复使用，只需要在之前的基础上修改两个地方即可，首先在递归的for循环里加上if (i > start && num[i] == num[i - 1]) continue; 这样可以防止res中出现重复项，然后就在递归调用combinationSum2DFS里面的参数换成i+1，这样就不会重复使用数组中的数字了，代码如下：
class Solution {
public:
vector > combinationSum2(vector &num, int target) {
vector > res;
vector out;
sort(num.begin(), num.end());
combinationSum2DFS(num, target, 0, out, res);
return res;
}
void combinationSum2DFS(vector &num, int target, int start, vector &out, vector > &res) {
if (target < 0) return;
else if (target == 0) res.push_back(out);
else {
for (int i = start; i < num.size(); ++i) {
if (i > start && num[i] == num[i - 1]) continue;
out.push_back(num[i]);
combinationSum2DFS(num, target - num[i], i + 1, out, res);
out.pop_back();
}
}
}
}; 6.Combination Sum III 组合之和之三
Find all possible combinations of k numbers that add up to a number n, given that only numbers from 1 to 9 can be used and each combination should be a unique set of numbers.
Ensure that numbers within the set are sorted in ascending order.
Example 1:
Input: k = 3, n = 7
Output:
[[1,2,4]]
Example 2:
Input: k = 3, n = 9
Output:
[[1,2,6], [1,3,5], [2,3,4]]
Credits:
Special thanks to @mithmatt for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
这道题题是组合之和系列的第三道题，跟之前两道 Combination Sum，Combination Sum II 都不太一样，那两道的联系比较紧密，变化不大，而这道跟它们最显著的不同就是这道题的个数是固定的，为k。个人认为这道题跟那道 Combinations 更相似一些，但是那道题只是排序，对k个数字之和又没有要求。所以实际上这道题是它们的综合体，两者杂糅到一起就是这道题的解法了，n是k个数字之和，如果n小于0，则直接返回，如果n正好等于0，而且此时out中数字的个数正好为k，说明此时是一个正确解，将其存入结果res中，具体实现参见代码入下：
class Solution {
public:
vector > combinationSum3(int k, int n) {
vector > res;
vector out;
combinationSum3DFS(k, n, 1, out, res);
return res;
}
void combinationSum3DFS(int k, int n, int level, vector &out, vector > &res) {
if (n < 0) return;
if (n == 0 && out.size() == k) res.push_back(out);
for (int i = level; i <= 9; ++i) {
out.push_back(i);
combinationSum3DFS(k, n - i, i + 1, out, res);
out.pop_back();
}
}
}; 7.Combination Sum IV 组合之和之四
Given an integer array with all positive numbers and no duplicates, find the number of possible combinations that add up to a positive integer target.
Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3] target = 4 The possible combination ways are: (1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 2) (1, 2, 1) (1, 3) (2, 1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 1) Note that different sequences are counted as different combinations. Therefore the output is 7.
Follow up:
What if negative numbers are allowed in the given array?
How does it change the problem?
What limitation we need to add to the question to allow negative numbers?
Credits:
Special thanks to @pbrother for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
这道题是组合之和系列的第四道，我开始想当然的一位还是用递归来解，结果写出来发现TLE了，的确OJ给了一个test case为[4,1,2] 32，这个结果是39882198，用递归需要好几秒的运算时间，实在是不高效，估计这也是为啥只让返回一个总和，而不是返回所有情况，不然机子就爆了。而这道题的真正解法应该是用DP来做，解题思想有点像之前爬梯子的那道题Climbing Stairs，我们需要一个一维数组dp，其中dp[i]表示目标数为i的解的个数，然后我们从1遍历到target，对于每一个数i，遍历nums数组，如果i>=x, dp[i] += dp[i - x]。这个也很好理解，比如说对于[1,2,3] 4，这个例子，当我们在计算dp[3]的时候，3可以拆分为1+x，而x即为dp[2]，3也可以拆分为2+x，此时x为dp[1]，3同样可以拆为3+x，此时x为dp[0]，我们把所有的情况加起来就是组成3的所有情况了，参见代码如下：
class Solution {
public:
int combinationSum4(vector& nums, int target) {
vector dp(target + 1);
dp[0] = 1;
sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());
for (int i = 1; i <= target; ++i) {
for (auto a : nums) {
if (i < a) break;
dp[i] += dp[i - a];
}
}
return dp.back();
}
};