Python的requests软件包详解
requests是一款Python的第三方HTTP类库，便于进行HTTP访问。
1. requests的特性
- 能够发送HTTP 1.1请求
- 无需手工为GET方法设置URL的请求参数，无需手工为POST方法组编码表单形式
- 借助于urllib3实现HTTP请求的连接会话缓存
- 支持Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3-3.7
2. requests的安装
requests不是Python标准库，需要使用PIP安装，命令如下：
pip install requests安装过程如下：
C:\Sam\works>pip install requests
Collecting requests
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/51/bd/23c926cd341ea6b7dd0b2a00aba99ae0f828be89d72b2190f27c11d4b7fb/requests-2.22.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (57kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 17kB/s
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/18/b0/8146a4f8dd402f60744fa380bc73ca47303cccf8b9190fd16a827281eac2/certifi-2019.9.11-py2.py3-none-any.whl (154kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 18kB/s
Collecting idna<2.9,>=2.5 (from requests)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/14/2c/cd551d81dbe15200be1cf41cd03869a46fe7226e7450af7a6545bfc474c9/idna-2.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl (58kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 10kB/s
Collecting urllib3!=1.25.0,!=1.25.1,<1.26,>=1.21.1 (from requests)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e0/da/55f51ea951e1b7c63a579c09dd7db825bb730ec1fe9c0180fc77bfb31448/urllib3-1.25.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (125kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 133kB 32kB/s
Collecting chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 (from requests)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/bc/a9/01ffebfb562e4274b6487b4bb1ddec7ca55ec7510b22e4c51f14098443b8/chardet-3.0.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (133kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 143kB 48kB/s
Installing collected packages: certifi, idna, urllib3, chardet, requests
Successfully installed certifi-2019.9.11 chardet-3.0.4 idna-2.8 requests-2.22.0 urllib3-1.25.6
You are using pip version 19.0.3, however version 19.3.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.3. requests的接口
1) Main interfaces
- requests.request()
- requests.head()
- requests.get('url', params={'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2'},headers={'user-agent': '...'}, cookies={'name1':'value2'})
- requests.post('url', data={'key':'value'})
- requests.post('url', json={'key':'value'})
- requests.post('url', files={'uploaded_file': open('report.xls', 'rb')})
- requests.post('url', files={'uploaded_file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/excel', {'Expires': '0'})})
- requests.post('url', files={'uploaded_file': ('temp.txt', 'one line\ntwo lines\n')})
- requests.put('url', data={'key':'value'})
- requests.patch()
- requests.delete('url')
def getGithub():
github_url = 'https://api.github.com/user/repos'
myresponse = requests.get(github_url, auth=('champagne', 'myPassword'))
print(myresponse.json())
def postGithub():
github_url = 'https://api.github.com/user/repos'
data = json.dumps({'name':'python test', 'description':'a python test repo'})
myresponse = requests.post(github_url, data, auth=('champagne', 'myPassword'))
print(myresponse.text)
2) requests.Session类
import requests
requests.Session()3) requests.Request类
import requests
requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')4) requests.PreparedRequest类
import requests
req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
preq = req.prepare()5) requests.Response类
import requests
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
r.headers['content-type'] #'application/json;charset=utf8'
r.url
r.status_code #200==requests.codes.ok
r.encoding #'utf-8' by default
r.raw #raw content
r.text #text content
r.content #binary content
r.json()#json content, recommended
r.cookies['a_key']注意：调用json()方法，如果返回结果不是有效的JSON数据，则抛出ValueError异常。
6) requests.adapters.BaseAdapter类
7) requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter类
requests提供的使用urllib3的HTTP Adapter
参考链接：
官网，http://python-requests.org/
文档，http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/
代码，https://github.com/requests/requests/
Release notes，http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/community/updates/