Python-飞机大战
本人目前从事计算机视觉领域，毕业后想从事Python开发，于是自学python知识，此博客是学习了两三周Python语法，学习了Python编程入门与实践的书后，跟着教材最后的项目所做，算是实践吧，后面将书上所附源码以资源形式上传，笔者在做这个东西的时候最大的体悟是要时刻重构函数，这个项目没写完，感觉后面都差不多，全部代码在书内写着
一、外星人（alien.py）
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
"""初始化外星人并设置起始位置"""
super(Alien,self).__init__()
self.screen=screen
self.ai_settings=ai_settings
#加载外星人图像，并设置rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect=self.image.get_rect()
#每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x=self.rect.width
self.rect.y=self.rect.height
#存储外星人的准确位置
self.x=float(self.rect.x)
def bliteme(self):
"""指定位置绘制外星人"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def update(self):
"""向左或向右移动外星人"""
self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x=self.x
def check_edges(self):
"""如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，返回true"""
screen_rect=self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right>=screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left<=0:
return True
二、alien_invasion.py(运行此py文件)
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from game_stats import GameStats
from button import Button
import game_functions as gf
def run_game():
#初始化一个游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings=Settings()
screen=pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
#创建play按钮
play_button = Button(ai_settings, screen, "Play")
stats=GameStats(ai_settings)
#创建一艘飞船、子弹编组和外星人编组
ship = Ship(ai_settings,screen)
bullets=Group()
aliens=Group()
#创建外星人群
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
#开始游戏主循环
while True:
#监视键盘和鼠标事件
gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets)
if stats.game_active:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
#让最近绘制的屏幕可见
gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button)
run_game()
三、发射的子弹（bullet.py）
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,ship):
"""在飞船所处位置创建一个子弹对象"""
super(Bullet,self).__init__()
self.screen=screen
#在（0，0）处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置、
self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,
ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx=ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top=ship.rect.top
#存储用小数表示的子弹位置
self.y=float(self.rect.y)
self.color=ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor=ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
def update(self):
"""向上移动子弹"""
#更新表示子弹位置的小数值
self.y-=self.speed_factor
#更新表示子弹的rect位置
self.rect.y=self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""屏幕上绘制子弹"""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)
四、开始按钮（button.py）
import pygame.font
class Button():
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,msg):
"""初始化按钮属性"""
self.screen=screen
self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
#设置按钮尺寸，其他属性
self.width,self.height=200,50
self.button_color=(0,255,0)
self.text_color=(255,255,255)
self.font=pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)
#创建按钮rect对象，并居中
self.rect=pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
self.rect.center=self.screen_rect.center
#按钮标签创建一次
self.prep_msg(msg)
def prep_msg(self,msg):
"""将msg渲染为图像，使其在按钮上居中"""
self.msg_image=self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,self.button_color)
self.msg_image_rect=self.msg_image.get_rect()
self.msg_image_rect.center+self.rect.center
def draw_button(self):
"""绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮"""
self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)
五、game_functions.py(游戏主要功能)
import sys
from time import sleep
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
def check_events():
"""相应鼠标、按键事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
"""在玩家单击play按钮，开始新游戏"""
button_clicked=play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
#隐藏光标
pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)
#重置统计信息
stats.reset_stats()
stats.game_active=True
#清空外星人列表和子弹信息
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人。飞船居中
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
ship.center_ship()
def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,ship,aliens,bullets,play_button):
"""更新屏幕，并切换到新屏幕"""
#每次循环重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
for bullet in bullets:
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
if not stats.game_active:
play_button.draw_button()
#让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
def check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key==pygame.K_SPACE:
#创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
elif event.key==pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
def check_keyup_events(event,ship):
"""相应松开"""
if event.key==pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type==pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type==pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)
elif event.type==pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event,ship)
elif event.type==pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
mouse_x,mouse_y=pygame.mouse.get_pos()
check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,play_button,ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)
def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""更新子弹位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
#更新子弹位置
bullets.update()
#删除已消失子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom<=0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
collisions=pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets,aliens,True,True)
if len(aliens)==0:
#删除现有子弹，新建一群外星人
bullets.empty()
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
#创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
#外星人间距为外星人宽度
alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
number_aliens_x=get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
number_rows=get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship.rect.height,alien.rect.height)
#创建第一行外星人
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
#创建一个外星人并加入当前行
create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number)
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
"""计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
available_space_x=ai_settings.screen_width-2*alien_width
number_aliens_x= int(available_space_x /(2*alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
def create_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
"""创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
alien=Alien(ai_settings,screen)
alien_width=alien.rect.width
alien.x=alien_width+2*alien_width*alien_number
alien.rect.x=alien.x
alien.rect.y=alien.rect.height+2*alien.rect.height*row_number
aliens.add(alien)
def get_number_rows(ai_settings,ship_height,alien_height):
"""计算可容纳多少行外星人"""
available_space_y=(ai_settings.screen_height-3*alien_height-ship_height)
number_rows=int(available_space_y/(2*alien_height))
return number_rows
def update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，更新外星人群所有外星人位置"""
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
aliens.update()
#检查外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship,aliens):
ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
"""有外星人到达边缘采取相应措施"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
break
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
"""郑群外星人下移，改变他们的方向"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
alien.rect.y+=ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""相应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
if stats.ships_left>0:
#ship_left减一
stats.ships_left -=1
#清空外星人和子子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
#创建一群新的外星人，飞行船放置屏幕底端中央
create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)
ship.center_ship()
#暂停
sleep(0.5)
else:
stats.game_active=False
pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets):
"""检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端"""
screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.rect.bottom>=screen_rect.bottom:
#像飞船被撞一样进行处理
ship_hit(ai_settings,stats,screen,ship,aliens,bullets)
break
六、game_stats.py(是否开始游戏)
class GameStats():
"""跟踪游戏统计信息"""
def __init__(self,ai_settings):
self.ai_settings=ai_settings
self.reset_stats()
self.game_active = False
def reset_stats(self):
"""初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
self.ships_left=self.ai_settings.ship_limit七、settings（游戏设置）class Settings():
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏设置"""
#屏幕设置#
self.screen_width=1200
self.screen_height=800
self.bg_color=(230,230,230)
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
self.bullet_speed_factor=1
self.bullet_width=3
self.bullet_height=15
self.bullet_color=60,60,60
self.bullets_allowed=8
self.alien_speed_factor =2
self.fleet_drop_speed=10
#1表示右移，-1左移
self.fleet_direction=1
self.ship_limit=3#飞船数量
八、ship（飞船类）
import pygame
class Ship():
def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
"""初始化飞船并设置初始位置"""
self.screen=screen
self.ai_settings=ai_settings
#加载飞船图像并获取外接矩形
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
self.rect =self.image.get_rect()
self.screen_rect=screen.get_rect()
#将每艘新飞船放置在屏幕底部中央
self.rect.centerx=self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom=self.screen_rect.bottom
#在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)
#移动标志
self.moving_right=False
self.moving_left=False
def update(self):
"""根据移动标志调整飞船位置"""
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right0:
self.center -=self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
#根据self.centerx更新rect对象
self.rect.centerx=self.center
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制飞船"""
self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)
def center_ship(self):
"""让飞船在屏幕上居中"""
self.center=self.screen_rect.centerx