连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类:并列连词.转折连词.选择连词和因果连词。连词也可以分为2类:并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词最常见的就是and(且)和or(或者,否则),从属连词类似when
并列连词的两边一般都是对等的,即如果前面是名词,那么后面也是名词,前面是动词,后面也是动词,并且单复数,时态等都相同。
1、and
并且,然后,和
(1)Being a college student and studying at college are two different things. - 做个大学生和在大学里求学是两回事
注:这里Being a college student和studying at college并列的,在这里相当于两个主语。
(2)We can have fresh air and enjoy beautiful scenery. - 我们可以呼吸新鲜的空气并享受美丽的风景。
注:也可以是We can have fresh air and we can enjoy beautiful scenery,这是两个完整句子的并列,但没有必要,通常把重复的部分省略掉。
(3)Go straight, and you will see the restaurant on your right. - 直走,你会看到那家餐厅在你的右边。
注:这里也是两个句子并列,祈使句把主语省略掉了。
2、but
但是,表转折
(1)The little girl fell down but (she) didn’t cry. - 这个小女孩跌倒了但是没有哭。
注:这里可以并列两个句子,也可以是动词。这取决于but后面的主语是否省略,一般情况下省略。
(2)My parents agree to let me go out with you, but the ask me to come home before 12:00. - 我的父母同意我和你出去,但要求我必须12点之前回家。
3、or
或者,否则
(1)What would you prefer, coffee or tea? - 你较喜欢咖啡还是茶?
注:what would you prefer = what do you like better
(2)The book fair must be held, or the books won’t be sold out. - 书展一定要办,否则这些书无法在一周内买完。
4、祈使句中的and和or
祈使句中,and一般只表示“那么”,or一般指表示“否则”
(1)Go to the shop at once, or it will be closed. - 马上去这家商店,否则就打烊了。
(2)Go to that bookstore, and you will find the book. - 去那家书店,那么你就会找到那本书。
5、so
so表示因此,所以,它只能连接两个从句。
(1)Some people never think of the future, so they only use things once and throw them away. - 有些人不曾想过未来,所以他们东西只用一次就丢弃。
(2)We share this world, so each of us has to do our part. - 我们共享这个世界,所以我们每个人都应该各尽本分。
6、连词其它用法
both…and(两者都…), not only…but also…(不仅…而且…), either …or…(不是…就是…),Neither…nor…(两者都不是)
(1)She hopes both to lose weight and shape up by jogging. - 她希望借由慢跑减重和塑形。
(2)He not only broke the machine but also put the blame on me. - 他不仅弄坏了机器,还把过错推到我头上。
(3)You can pay either in cash or by check. - 你可以用现金或者用支票付款。
注:也可以写为:You can pay in cash or by check.
(4)Both French and German are spoken in this region. - 这个区域说法语和德语。
(5)Not only me but also he is angry with you. - 不仅是我,他也生你的气。
注:not only…but also中动词的单复数取决于被强调的主语,即but also后面的主语(一般也认为遵循”就近原则“即动词单复数取决于离动词近的那个主语)。
(6)Either you or I am in the right. - 不是你就是我,会有一个正确的。
注:either…or…中动词单复数遵循”就近原则“,即离动词近的那个主语。
Neither my nor I was listening to the news on TV. - 不是我妈妈也不是我在电视上听新闻。
注:同样,就近原则。
从属连词用于连接从句,引导名词性从句或者状语从句。
名词性从句
名词性从句:可充当主语、宾语,表语或补语,由that或whether/if引导
例如:
I know her name. - 我知道她的名字。
可以将her name 替换为名词性从句:
I know that she is Cathy. - 我知道她是Cathy。
注:这里的that she is Cathy是一个完整的句子,但它在主句中只充当宾语成分,用来与”her name“的作用是相同的。这就是一个名词性从句。
状语从句
状语从句:由 when、 if等连接引导,表时间,地点,条件等。
It snows in winter. - 冬天的时候下雪了。
It snows when winter comes. - 当冬天到来的时候,下起了雪。
注:第二句中when winter comes的作用就是充当时间副词,这就是一个状语从句。
状语从句需要特别注意的是时态问题,如果主句是现在时,那么从句也是现在时,主句是过去时,从句也是现在时,主句是未来时,从句应是现在时。
如下:
主句 | 从句 |
---|---|
现在时 | 现在时 |
过去时 | 过去时 |
未来时 | 现在时 |
例如:
If my parents come back home tomorrow, I’ll call you up. - 如果我父母明天回来了,我会给你打电话。
注:从句哪怕放前面,也依然是从句,这里是条件状语从句,也是状语从句的一种,所以尽管从句里有一个tomorrow, 因为主句是未来时,从句只能是现在时。名词性从句没有此类问题。
1、名词性从句作主语
当一个从句作主语的时候,我们也称之为主语从句
(1)She will come. - 她会来。
It is almost certain. - 这几乎是确定的。
合并为:
That she will come is almost certain.
注:但一般不这么说,从句作主语会显得头重脚轻,一般用it作假主语,所以这句一般写为:It is almost certain that she will come.
(2)That the world’s climate is getting hotter is beyond any doubt. - 全球变暖是毋庸置疑的。
注:That the world’s climate is getting hotter是主语从句。这句我们一般写为:It is beyond any doubt That the world’s climate is getting hotter.
2、名词性从句作补语
放在be动词之后,当主语补足语。
(1)The trouble is that I have no money with me. - 麻烦的事是我身上没带钱。
3、名词性从句作宾语
作宾语的时候that可以省略,作补语和主语时不可以
(1)He says that he is thinking of moving his office from here to there. - 他说他正考虑把办公室从这里搬到那里。
注:这里that he is thinking of moving his office from here to there是宾语,that可省略。
(2)I can’t believe that he has made the same mistake three times. - 我不敢相信他相同的错误已经犯了三次了。
4、特别注意
1、当有and,but等,连接两个句子时,第一个that可省略,第二个不可以。
(1)Mother said (that) you stayed at home and that you had to do all housework. - 妈妈说你留在家里要把所有的家务都做了。
注:第二个that不可以省略,这是为了避免歧义,表明第二个that后面的句子也是主句的从句。
5、同位语从句
什么是同位语?
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。
同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
例如:
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday. - 王先生,我孩子的老师,星期二要来看我们。
在这里’my child’s teacher’做同位语修饰’Mr Wang’,王先生就是我孩子的老师,这两者占据相同的位置(主语),充当相同的成分,故称同位语。
宾语也可以有同位语:
I met Helen,my cousin in the street.
而同位语从句就是用一句话充当同位语,对主语或宾语进行修饰。宾语的同位语容易和宾语补足语混淆。
(1)I heard the news that a new student would join our class. - 我听说了这个消息,有一个新同学要加入我们班级。
注:这句就是同位语从句,同位语从句一般由that引导。区分宾语补足语和同位语的方法是:宾语补足语是不可以去掉的,否则整个句子不完整,而同位语是可以去掉的。
6、whether和if
(1)whether 和 if引导的名词性状语从句可以作主语:
Whether he will come or not makes no difference. - 他会不会来没有区别。
注:Whether he will come or not作主语,为单数,这也是一个主语从句。同样一般写为:It makes no difference whether he will come or not.需要注意的是,作主语的时候,whether 不能用if代替
(2)whether 和 if引导的名词性状语从句可以作表语:
The question is whether I should buy it or rent it.
注: whether I should buy it or rent it作表语,作表语时,whether不可以用if代替
(3)whether 和 if引导的名词性状语从句可以作宾语:
He asked me if / whether it would be fine tomorrow.
1、时间状语从句
由after, as, before, since, until, till, when, while, as soon as等引导
(1)After I tell you the answers, please repeat them after me. - 在我告诉你们答案之前,请跟着我复诵一遍。
(2)It is a custom to take off the shoes before you go into a Chinese mans house. - 在进中国人的屋子之前脱掉鞋子是一种习俗。
(3)Heat the cookies at 350 degrees until they turn light brown - 用350度加热饼干直到呈现淡棕色。
(4)When you take medicine, be sure to follow the doctor’s directions. - 吃药时,谨遵医嘱。
(5)While I was sleeping, there was noise outside. - 当我在睡觉的时候,外面很吵。
= There was noise outside while I was sleeping.
注:while引导状语从句时,一般用于过去进行时。
2、地点状语从句
一般由where引导
1、Where there is a will, there is a way. - 有志者,事竟成(由意志的地方就有路)
注:will作名词的时候,表示意志,想法。
2、Put it back where is was. - 将它放回原来的地方
3、原因状语从句
由because, since, as 引导
虽然一个是“因为”,一个是“所以”,但because和so不可以同时出现
(1)因为我很累了,所以我没去
Because I was very tired, I didn’t go.
I didn’t go because I was very tired.
I was very tired, so I didn’t go.
(2)我总是喜欢到那家面包店买蛋糕, 因为晚上八点后打八折。
I always like to buy cakes in that bakery because they are 20% off after eight in the evening.
(3)因为室外天气宜人凉爽,我们在花园里吃午餐。
We are lunch in the garden since it was nice and cool outside.
(4)因为今天是星期天,公交车上几乎没有学生。
There are few students on the bus as it is Sunday today.
下列情况必须用because
(1)Why is he absent? - 他为什么缺席?
Because he is ill. - 因为他生病了。
注:对Why的回答必须用because
(2)He is absent not because he is busy but because he is ill. - 他缺席不是因为他很忙,而是因为他生病了。
注:not because…but because…是固定搭配,意为不是因为。。。而是因为。。。
4、条件状语从句
由if引导,且if引导条件状语从句时意为如果。
If you keeping eating fast food, you will taste the bitter fruit before long. - 如果你继续吃速食,不久你将尝到苦果。
5、让步状语从句
though,although虽然,尽管,whether or not不论是否…
though/although和but不可以同时出现。
(1)Though my house is small, I love it. - 尽管我家很小,但是我很喜欢。
(2)Whether it rain or not, the final game will be played. - 不论是否下雨…
6、结果状语从句和目的状语从句
so that…和so … that…
前者意为“以便于”,表目的,后者意为“很……以至于……”,表结果
(1)It was so heavy that we could not move it. - 太重了,我们搬不动。(表结果)
(2)Say it louder (so) that everyone can hear you. - 大点声,让所有人都能听到。(表目的)
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