CentOS 6.5 LVM磁盘管理学习笔记
http://sfzhang88.blog.51cto.com/4995876/1710059
在系统运维和服务器管理过程中，经常遇到服务器磁盘容量不足，需要在线扩容的情况。普通磁盘分区的管理方式在逻辑分区划好之后就无法改变其大小。而LVM可以实现Linux服务器下面磁盘空间的在线扩容和动态管理，相对于普通的磁盘分区有很大的灵活性。
一、LVM简介
LVM是 Logical VolumeManager（逻辑卷管理）的简写，它是Linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制，它由Heinz Mauelshagen在Linux 2.4内核上实现。LVM将一个或多个硬盘的分区在逻辑上进行组合，做为一个大的硬盘空间来使用，当硬盘的剩余空间不够的时候，可以将其它的硬盘加入到分区当中，这样可以实现磁盘空间的动态管理。
二、LVM基本术语
物理卷（physical volume，PV）：物理卷就是指硬盘分区，也可以是整个硬盘或已创建的RAID ，是LVM的基本存储设备，与普通物理存储介质的区别是该设备包含有LVM相关的管理参数。
卷组（volume group，VG）：卷组是由一个或多个物理卷所组成的存储池，在卷组上能创建一个或多个“LVM分区”（逻辑卷）。
逻辑卷（logical volume，LV）：LVM的逻辑卷类似于非LVM系统中的硬盘分区，它建立在卷组之上，是一个标准的块设备，在逻辑卷之上可以建立文件系统。
物理块（physical extent，PE）：物理卷以大小相等的物理块为存储的基本单位，同时也是LVM寻址的最小单元。
逻辑块（logical extent，LE）：逻辑卷以大小相等的逻辑块为存储的基本单位，在同一个卷组中，LE的大小和PE是相等的，并且一一对应。
三、通过LVM分区方式安装Centos
1.选择安装类型，选择最后一个复选框，即创建自定义布局。
2.首先划分/boot分区，/boot分区建议使用物理分区。
3.将剩余空间划分为一个物理卷（PV）。
4.创建一个卷组（VG）。默认卷组名为VolGroup00，修改卷组名为vg51cto_lv。
5.在VG上面创建逻辑卷（LV）。逻辑卷默认为LogVol00，LogVol01……末两位由00开始依次递增。
6.LVM分区完成。
7.df -h 查看磁盘空间。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol01
9.9G 1.2G 8.2G 13% /
tmpfs 495M 0 495M 0%
/dev/shm
/dev/sda1
194M 29M 155M 16%
/boot
/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol03
20G 172M 19G 1%
/data
/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol02
5.0G 138M 4.6G 3%
/home
/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol04
23G 173M 22G 1%
/usr/local
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四、LVM管理
第一部分：卷组（volume group ，VG）相关的操作。
1.查看卷组（VG）名，卷组名为vg51cto_lv。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vgscan
Reading allphysical volumes. This may take awhile...
Foundvolume group
"vg51cto_lv"
using metadata
type
lvm2
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2.查看卷组（VG）包含的PV、LV信息。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vgdisplay -v vg51cto_lv
Usingvolume group(s) on
command
line
Findingvolume group
"vg51cto_lv"
--- Volumegroup ---
VGName vg51cto_lv
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 6
VGAccess
read
/write
VGStatus resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 5
OpenLV 5
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VGSize 59.80 GiB
PESize 4.00 MiB
TotalPE 15309
Alloc PE
/Size
15309 / 59.80 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VGUUID uF4S1y-21AZ-KOfs-rNIF-lFmN-wQ75-2sX7F1
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto_lv/LogVol04
LVName LogVol04
VGName vg51cto_lv
LVUUID rvOZeO-Oz2G-wx7Z-u0b6-CvXj-FKEj-RwCLXO
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:30:51 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 22.80 GiB
CurrentLE 5837
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Blockdevice 253:2
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto_lv/LogVol01
LVName LogVol01
VGName vg51cto_lv
LVUUID d6YKrd-fWMJ-x61I-cfWG-v2me-Hn8V-xdm96L
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:30:56 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 10.00 GiB
CurrentLE 2560
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Blockdevice 253:0
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto_lv/LogVol00
LVName LogVol00
VGName vg51cto_lv
LVUUID hSyH2r-mvMV-th7q-geKg-sVpm-O1zJ-D6DwT8
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:30:58 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 2.00 GiB
CurrentLE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Blockdevice 253:1
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto_lv/LogVol03
LVName LogVol03
VGName vg51cto_lv
LVUUID gKHLfz-O5Lm-TGMq-2LcF-xcH1-ASea-QCVVNc
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:30:58 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 20.00 GiB
CurrentLE 5120
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Blockdevice 253:3
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto_lv/LogVol02
LVName LogVol02
VGName vg51cto_lv
LVUUID lkqKmO-Dt0u-3CnB-UqeD-d6gc-2rmP-gWtKVp
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:31:00 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 5.00 GiB
CurrentLE 1280
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Blockdevice 253:4
---Physical volumes ---
PV Name
/dev/sda2
PVUUID pKC6SA-fkfe-OAl2-scVr-tq0h-EAXD-AWpwgX
PVStatus allocatable
Total PE
/Free
PE 15309 / 0
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3.修改卷组名，由vg51cto_lv修改成vg51cto。
1）修改卷组名的命令为vgrename,语法如下：
vgrename OldVolumeGroupNameNew VolumeGroupName
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vgrename vg51cto_lv vg51cto
Volumegroup
"vg51cto_lv"
successfully renamed to
"vg51cto"
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2）修改/etc/fstab配置文件，把vg51cto_lv修改成vg51cto。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vim /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Nov 5 17:33:46 2015
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, aremaintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8)and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol01
/ ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=9c02e519-3b85-4918-b9fd-395535cab496
/boot
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol03
/data
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol02
/home
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol04
/usr/local
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol00
swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs
/dev/shm
tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts
/dev/pts
devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs
/sys
sysfs defaults 0 0
proc
/proc
proc defaults 0 0
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3）修改grub.conf配置文件，把vg51cto_lv修改成vg51cto。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vim /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub aftermaking changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. Thismeans that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol01
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)
/grub/splash
.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
root(hd0,0)
kernel
/vmlinuz-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol01
rd_NO_LUKSrd_LVM_LV=vg51cto
/LogVol01
rd_LVM_LV=vg51cto
/LogVol00
rd_NO_MD crashkernel=autoLANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pcKEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd
/initramfs-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
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4）reboot重启后用df -h查看。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol01
9.9G 1.2G 8.2G 13% /
tmpfs 495M 0 495M 0%
/dev/shm
/dev/sda1
194M 29M 155M 16%
/boot
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol03
20G 172M 19G 1%
/data
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol02
5.0G 138M 4.6G 3%
/home
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-LogVol04
23G 173M 22G 1%
/usr/local
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第二部分：逻辑卷（logical volume，LV）相关的操作。
1.查看逻辑卷（LV）名。
使用LVM安装系统时，默认的卷组名为VolGroup00，卷组内的逻辑卷为LogVol00，LogVol01……末两位由00开始依次递增。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvscan
ACTIVE
'/dev/vg51cto/LogVol04'
[22.80 GiB]inherit
ACTIVE
'/dev/vg51cto/LogVol01'
[10.00 GiB]inherit
ACTIVE
'/dev/vg51cto/LogVol00'
[2.00 GiB]inherit
ACTIVE
'/dev/vg51cto/LogVol03'
[20.00 GiB]inherit
ACTIVE
'/dev/vg51cto/LogVol02'
[5.00 GiB]inherit
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2.查看逻辑卷详细信息
lvdisplay 命令查看所有逻辑卷的详细信息
lvdisplay 逻辑卷名称
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvdisplay /dev/vg51cto/LogVol00
--- Logicalvolume ---
LVPath
/dev/vg51cto/LogVol00
LVName LogVol00
VGName vg51cto
LVUUID hSyH2r-mvMV-th7q-geKg-sVpm-O1zJ-D6DwT8
LV WriteAccess
read
/write
LV Creationhost,
time
hadoop01, 2015-11-05 17:30:58 +0800
LVStatus available
# open 1
LVSize 2.00 GiB
CurrentLE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read aheadsectors auto
- currentlyset to 256
Block device 253:1
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3.修改逻辑卷名
1）修改逻辑卷命令为lvrename，语法如下：
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lvrename OldLogicalVolumePath NewLogicalVolumePath
[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvrename /dev/vg51cto/LogVol00 /dev/vg51cto/lv_swap
Renamed
"LogVol00"
to
"lv_swap"
in
volume group
"vg51cto"
[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvrename /dev/vg51cto/LogVol01 /dev/vg51cto/lv_root
Renamed
"LogVol01"
to
"lv_root"
in
volume group
"vg51cto"
[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvrename /dev/vg51cto/LogVol02 /dev/vg51cto/lv_home
Renamed
"LogVol02"
to
"lv_home"
in
volume group
"vg51cto"
[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvrename /dev/vg51cto/LogVol03 /dev/vg51cto/lv_data
Renamed
"LogVol03"
to
"lv_data"
in
volume group
"vg51cto"
[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvrename /dev/vg51cto/LogVol04 /dev/vg51cto/lv_usr
Renamed
"LogVol04"
to
"lv_usr"
in
volume group
"vg51cto"
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2）修改/etc/fstab配置文件。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vim /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Nov 5 17:33:46 2015
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, aremaintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8)and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_root
/ ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=9c02e519-3b85-4918-b9fd-395535cab496
/boot
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
/data
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_home
/home
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_usr
/usr/local
ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_swap
swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs
/dev/shm
tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts
/dev/pts
devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs
/sys
sysfs defaults 0 0
proc
/proc
proc defaults 0 0
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3）修改grub.conf配置文件。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vim /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub aftermaking changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. Thismeans that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg51cto_lv-LogVol01
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)
/grub/splash
.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
root(hd0,0)
kernel
/vmlinuz-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_root
rd_NO_LUKSrd_LVM_LV=vg51cto
/lv_root
rd_LVM_LV=vg51cto
/lv_swap
rd_NO_MD crashkernel=autoLANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=usrd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd
/initramfs-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
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第三部分：物理卷（physical volume，PV）相关操作。
1.查看物理卷（PV）名，这里为/dev/sda2，linux中SCSI的第1块硬盘为/dev/sda，第2块硬盘为/dev/sdb，依此类推。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# pvscan
PV
/dev/sda2
VG vg51cto lvm2 [59.80 GiB / 0
free
]
Total: 1[59.80 GiB] /
in
use: 1 [59.80 GiB] /
in
no VG: 0 [0 ]
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2.查看物理卷详细信息。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# pvdisplay
---Physical volume ---
PVName
/dev/sda2
VGName vg51cto
PVSize 59.80 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable
yes
(butfull)
PESize 4.00 MiB
TotalPE 15309
FreePE 0
AllocatedPE 15309
PVUUID pKC6SA-fkfe-OAl2-scVr-tq0h-EAXD-AWpwgX
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四、LVM空间管理
1.LVM减少LV空间
举例：减少/data空间，从20G减少到10G。
1）卸载设备（Unmount thefilesystem）
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# umount /data/
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2）e2fsck命令检查文件系统（Checkthe filesystem）
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# e2fsck -f/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
第一步: 检查inode,块,和大小
第二步: 检查目录结构
第3步: 检查目录连接性
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
第5步: 检查簇概要信息
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
: 11
/1310720files
(0.0% non-contiguous), 126289
/5242880
blocks
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3）resize2fs命令调整lv大小，10G表示调整后/data剩余空间。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# resize2fs/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data 10G
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
to 2621440 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
is now 2621440 blocks long.
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4）lvreduce命令减少文件系统大小（Resizethe filesystem），表示将/data的空间减少9G。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvreduce -L -9G /dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 11.00 GiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce lv_data?[y
/n
]: y
Reducing logical volume lv_data to 11.00 GiB
Logical volume lv_data successfully resized
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5）vgs命令查看卷组剩余空间为9G。
6）mount 文件系统并查看磁盘空间剩余空间。
2．LVM增加LV空间
举例：将刚才9G空间增加到/home分区。
1）vgs命令查看是否有空闲空间可以扩容。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vgs
VG
#PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg51cto 1 5 0wz--n- 59.80g 9.00g
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2）df -h查看当前磁盘空间
3）lvextend命令将home分区空间增加9G。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvextend -L +9G -f -r/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_home
Extending logical volume lv_home to 14.00 GiB
Logical volume lv_home successfully resized
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_homeis
mounted on
/home
; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_home
to 3670016 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_home
is now 3670016 blocks long.
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4）查看分区是否增加成功。
五、LVM 在线扩容
服务器磁盘空间不足，添加新的硬盘后，需要把空间添加当前分区当中。
linux中SCSI的第1个硬盘/dev/sda，第2个硬盘/dev/sdb依此类推。其中服务器第一块硬盘/dev/sda已经划分为LVM分区。/dev/sdb是新加的硬盘。
1） 用pvcreate /dev/sdb命令初始化分区sdb为物理卷（PV）。
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
Physical volume
"/dev/sdb"
successfully created
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2）pvdisplay命令显示物理卷的信息
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# pvdisplay
---Physical volume ---
PVName
/dev/sda2
VGName vg51cto
PVSize 59.80 GiB / not usable3.00 MiB
Allocatable
yes
(butfull)
PESize 4.00 MiB
Total PE 15309
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 15309
PVUUID pKC6SA-fkfe-OAl2-scVr-tq0h-EAXD-AWpwgX
"/dev/sdb"
is a new physical volume of
"40.00 GiB"
---NEW Physical volume ---
PVName
/dev/sdb
VGName
PVSize 40.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PESize 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PVUUID dMeOLS-Sks3-8k3q-pVWp-Iuz2-0Hh2-8njjhY
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3）vgextend命令将pv加入到vg，vgcreate命令为新创建vg（vgcreate vg51cto /dev/sdb）,这里的vg51cto已经存在，只需要用vgextend加入即可。
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2
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# vgextend vg51cto/dev/sdb
Volume group
"vg51cto"
successfully extended
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4）用vgdisplay命令查看vg信息，看到已经有40G空闲PE。
5）lvextend命令扩展分区，将40G空间全部添加到/data分区。
直接增加40G空间不足，报下面的错误，因此添加39.9G的空间。
Insufficient free space:10240 extents needed, but only 10239 available
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4
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# lvextend -L +39.99G/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 39.99 GiB
Extending logical volume lv_data to 50.99 GiB
Logicalvolume lv_data successfully resized
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6）上一步操作只是增加了逻辑卷的大小，用resize2fs命令重新定义文件系统的大小。
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3
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6
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[root@hadoop01 ~]
# resize2fs /dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_datais
mounted on
/data
; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 4
Performing an on-line resize of
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
to 13367296 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on
/dev/mapper/vg51cto-lv_data
is now 13367296 blocks long.
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7）查看磁盘在线扩容是否正常。
总结：
1）/分区不能umount,说明/分区只能扩容，不能减少/分区的空间。
2）减少分区的时候需要卸载分区，进行umount操作。
3）扩容的分区的时候不需要卸载分区。
4）重命名vg,lv命名后，需要修改/etc/fstab和/etc/grub.conf引导文件。