PostgreSQL的 create index concurrently

对于PostgreSQL的 "create index concurrently". 我个人认为其中存在一个bug。

我的验证过程如下:

我有两个表,tab01和 tab02,这两个表之间没有任何关联。

我认为 对 tab02执行 "create index concurrently" 不会对 访问tab01的事务有任何影响,然而事实并非尽然。

我第一程序的表现: 通过ecpg执行事务,再通过 "create index concurrently" 给tab02建立索引,成功。

我第二程序的表现:通过ecpg执行事务,再通过 "create index concurrently" 给tab02建立索引,被阻塞。

我第三个测试:      通过psql发起事务,  另一个psql客户端执行 "create index concurrently" 成功。

我第四个测试:    通过psql发起事务 另一个psql客户端执行 "create index concurrently",被阻塞。

无论 PostgreSQL9.1.2,还是PostgreSQL9.2.4,结果是一样的。

数据准备:

[postgres@server bin]$ ./psql -U tester -d tester

psql (9.1.2)

Type "help" for help.

tester=> \d tab01;

          Table "public.tab01"

 Column |         Type         | Modifiers

--------+----------------------+-----------

 id     | integer              |

 cd     | character varying(4) |





tester=> \d tab02;

    Table "public.tab02"

 Column |  Type   | Modifiers

--------+---------+-----------

 id     | integer |

 value  | integer |



tester=> select * from tab01;

 id | cd

----+----

  1 | 14

  2 | 15

  3 | 14

(3 rows)



tester=> select * from tab02;

 id | value

----+-------

  1 |   100

  2 |   200

  3 |   300

(3 rows)

tester=>

我的测试方法:

对第一个程序和第二个程序:

当我的eccp程序正在睡眠的时候,我另外开一个终端,执行: 

 "create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id)"

结果是:

第一个程序执行中,我可成功建立索引。 
第二个程序执行中,我无法建立索引,会被阻塞
而我的tab01和tab02之间,没有任何关联。而且我也不认为我的ecpg程序会有潜在的可能去使用tab02的索引。

事实上,如果我去看ecpg预编译后得到的c程序,我可以看到:

 { ECPGdo(__LINE__, 0, 1, "db_conn", 0, ECPGst_normal, "select count ( * ) from tab01 where cd = $1 ",



        ECPGt_char,(vcd),(long)4 + 1,(long)1,(4 + 1)*sizeof(char),



        ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR, NULL , 0L, 0L, 0L, ECPGt_EOIT,



        ECPGt_int,&(vCount),(long)1,(long)1,sizeof(int),



        ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR, NULL , 0L, 0L, 0L, ECPGt_EORT);}

当我给$1加入引号后,我就可以成功地建立索引了。

 { ECPGdo(__LINE__, 0, 1, "db_conn", 0, ECPGst_normal, "select count ( * ) from tab01 where cd = '$1' ",



        ECPGt_char,(vcd),(long)4 + 1,(long)1,(4 + 1)*sizeof(char),



        ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR, NULL , 0L, 0L, 0L, ECPGt_EOIT,



        ECPGt_int,&(vCount),(long)1,(long)1,sizeof(int),



        ECPGt_NO_INDICATOR, NULL , 0L, 0L, 0L, ECPGt_EORT);}

下面是我测试程序的源代码:

第一个:

[root@server soft]# cat ./test01/test01.pc

int main()

{



   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

         int vCount;

         char vcd[4+1]; 

   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO
'[email protected]:5432' AS db_conn USER tester IDENTIFIED BY tester; EXEC SQL AT db_conn SELECT COUNT(*) INTO :vCount FROM tab01; fprintf(stderr,"count is:%d\n",vCount); fprintf(stderr,"Before disconnect,sleep for 500 seconds\n"); sleep(500); EXEC SQL DISCONNECT db_conn; fprintf(stderr,"After disconnect,sleep for 600 seconds\n"); sleep(600); return 0; } [root@server soft]#

第二个:

[root@server soft]# cat ./test02/test02.pc



int main()



{

   EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

         int vCount;

         char vcd[4+1];                        

   EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;





   EXEC SQL CONNECT TO '[email protected]:5432' AS db_conn

     USER tester IDENTIFIED BY tester;



   char *pCd="14";

   memset(vcd,'\0',5);

   strncpy(vcd, pCd,4);             

                                                               

   EXEC SQL AT db_conn SELECT COUNT(*)            

        INTO :vCount FROM tab01 WHERE cd = :vcd;

                                                                       

   fprintf(stderr,"count is:%d\n",vCount);
fprintf(stderr,
"Before disconnect,sleep for 500 seconds\n"); sleep(500); EXEC SQL DISCONNECT db_conn; fprintf(stderr,"After disconnect,sleep for 600 seconds\n"); sleep(600); return 0; } [root@server soft]#

而且,通过 psql,还可以发现一个与 create index concurrently 相关的现象:

我的第三个测试:

客户端1:

[postgres@server pgsql]$ ./bin/psql -d tester -U tester

psql (9.1.2)

Type "help" for help.



tester=> begin;

BEGIN

tester=> select * from tab01 where cd = '14';

 id | cd

----+----

  1 | 14

  3 | 14

(2 rows)

tester=>

客户端2: 

[postgres@server pgsql]$ ./bin/psql -d tester -U tester

psql (9.1.2)

Type "help" for help.



tester=> create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

可以很快就成功创建索引。

我的第四个测试:

客户端1:

[postgres@server pgsql]$ ./bin/psql -d tester -U tester

psql (9.1.2)

Type "help" for help.

tester=> begin;

BEGIN

tester=> select * from tab01 where cd = '14';

 id | cd

----+----

  1 | 14

  3 | 14

(2 rows)

 



tester=> select pg_sleep(500);

 pg_sleep

----------

(1 row)

tester=>

客户端2:

[postgres@server pgsql]$ ./bin/psql -d tester -U tester

psql (9.1.2)

Type "help" for help.



tester=> create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

客户端2的创建索引会被阻塞

根据我对PostgreSQL的源代码的跟踪,可以看到有如下的调用关系:

PortalRunMulti--> PortalRunUtility-->Standard_ProcessUtility-->DefineIndex

而我对DefineIndex作简化后,可以看到:

{     
… old_snapshots
= GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(snapshot->xmin, true, false, PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM | PROC_IN_VACUUM, &n_old_snapshots); for (i = 0; i < n_old_snapshots; i++) { … if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[i])) VirtualXactLockTableWait(old_snapshots[i]); } … }

对于我的第一个测试程序,GetCurrentVirtualXIDs 函数执行后,n_old_snapshots 的值为0 ,
for (i = 0; i < n_old_snapshots; i++) 循环不会被执行,索引的生成不会被阻塞。

对我的第二个测试程序,GetCurrentVirtualXIDs 函数执行后,n_old_snapshots 的值为1, 
for (i = 0; i < n_old_snapshots; i++) 循环会被执行。
VirtualXactLockTableWait(old_snapshots[i]) 的执行,导致等待一个锁,所以索引生成被阻塞。

再往下分析:

VirtualTransactionId *

GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(TransactionId limitXmin, bool excludeXmin0,

                      bool allDbs, int excludeVacuum,

                      int *nvxids)

{

    VirtualTransactionId *vxids;

    ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;

    int            count = 0;

    int            index;



    /* allocate what's certainly enough result space */

    vxids = (VirtualTransactionId *)

        palloc(sizeof(VirtualTransactionId) * arrayP->maxProcs);



    LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)

    {

volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];



        if (proc == MyProc)

            continue;



        if (excludeVacuum & proc->vacuumFlags)

            continue;



        if (allDbs || proc->databaseId == MyDatabaseId)

        {

 /* Fetch xmin just once - might change on us */

            TransactionId pxmin = proc->xmin;
if (excludeXmin0 && !TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin)) continue; /* * InvalidTransactionId precedes all other XIDs, so a proc that * hasn't set xmin yet will not be rejected by this test. */ if (!TransactionIdIsValid(limitXmin) || TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(pxmin, limitXmin)) { VirtualTransactionId vxid; GET_VXID_FROM_PGPROC(vxid, *proc);
if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(vxid)) vxids[count++] = vxid; } } } LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock); *nvxids = count; return vxids; }

对于我的第一个程序,测试结果显示:pxmin 为零,TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin) 为假。所以如下代码导致跳过循环一次。

if (excludeXmin0 && !TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin))

                continue;

没有机会执行 vxids[count++]=vxid 这一行。

那么pxmin是如何来的?

看这句: TransactionId pxmin = proc->xmin;

而xmin的含义是:当我们执行程序中对数据进行增删改的时候,会将当前transaction id 赋予给 xmin。

写记录的时候,把这个xmin写入该行记录头。

如此,每个进程看来,它只关心 xmin 小于自己的transaction id的。PostgreSQL用这种方式来保证MVCC。

但此处,proc->xmin为零是很不合理的。

此时,

if (allDbs || proc->databaseId == MyDatabaseId) 里的:
if (excludeXmin0 && !TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin))就会成立,所以会直接continue调回循环开始处,也就没有机会去
vxids[count++] = vxid;

在我的第二个程序里,proc->xmin根本就不为零。故此说,这是一个bug。

另外的佐证:对我的三个测试,运行下列SQL文:

pgsql=# select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query

from pg_locks l

inner join pg_stat_activity sa

        on l.pid = sa.procpid

where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

一开始在pg_sleep(100)执行期间,可以看到:

pgsql=# select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query

from pg_locks l

inner join pg_stat_activity sa

        on l.pid = sa.procpid

where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 pid  |     mode      | procpid |                   current_query                    

------+---------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------

 5356 | ExclusiveLock |    5356 | select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query+

      |               |         | from pg_locks l                                   +

      |               |         | inner join pg_stat_activity sa                    +

      |               |         |         on l.pid = sa.procpid                     +

      |               |         | where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 5517 | ExclusiveLock |    5517 | select pg_sleep(100);

(2 rows)

我开另外的终端,执行 "create index concurrently"的时候,再看:

pgsql=# select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query

from pg_locks l

inner join pg_stat_activity sa

        on l.pid = sa.procpid

where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 pid  |           mode           | procpid |                      current_query                       

------+--------------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------

 5356 | ExclusiveLock            |    5356 | select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query      +

      |                          |         | from pg_locks l                                         +

      |                          |         | inner join pg_stat_activity sa                          +

      |                          |         |         on l.pid = sa.procpid                           +

      |                          |         | where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 5517 | ExclusiveLock            |    5517 | select pg_sleep(100);

 5527 | ExclusiveLock            |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

 5527 | RowExclusiveLock         |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

 5527 | ShareUpdateExclusiveLock |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

(5 rows)

等到 pg_sleep执行完毕的时候:

pgsql=# select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query

from pg_locks l

inner join pg_stat_activity sa

        on l.pid = sa.procpid

where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 pid  |           mode           | procpid |                      current_query                       

------+--------------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------

 5356 | ExclusiveLock            |    5356 | select l.pid, l.mode, sa.procpid, sa.current_query      +

      |                          |         | from pg_locks l                                         +

      |                          |         | inner join pg_stat_activity sa                          +

      |                          |         |         on l.pid = sa.procpid                           +

      |                          |         | where l.mode like '%xclusive%';

 5517 | ExclusiveLock            |    5517 | <IDLE> in transaction

 5527 | ExclusiveLock            |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

 5527 | RowExclusiveLock         |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

 5527 | ShareUpdateExclusiveLock |    5527 | create index concurrently idx_tab02_id_new on tab02(id);

(5 rows)

 

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