XML是由World WideWeb联盟(W3C)定义的元语言。它已经成为一种通用的数据交换格式,它的平台无关性,语言无关性,系统无关性,给数据集成与交互带来了极大的方便。XML在不同的语言里解析方式都是一样的,只不过实现的语法不同而已。
XML本身只是以纯文本对数据进行编码的一种格式,要想利用XML,或者说利用XML文件中所编码的数据,必须先将数据从纯文本中解析出来,因此,必须有一个能够识别XML文档中信息的解析器,用来解释XML文档并提取其中的数据。然而,根据数据提取的不同需求,又存在着多种解析方式,不同的解析方式有着各自的优缺点和适用环境。选择合适的XML解析技术能够有效提升应用系统的整体性能。
所有的XML处理都从解析开始,无论是使用XSLT或Java语言,第一步都是要读入XML文件,解码结构和检索信息等等,这就是解析,即把代表XML文档的一个无结构的字符序列转换为满足XML语法的结构化组件的过程。
XML基本的的解析方式主要有两种:SAX(Simple API for XML)和DOM(Document ObjectModel)。
SAX是基于事件流的解析。SAX处理的优点非常类似于流媒体的优点。分析能够立即开始,而不是等待所有的数据被处理。而且,由于应用程序只是在读取数据时检查数据,因此不需要将数据存储在内存中。这对于大型文档来说是个巨大的优点。事实上,应用程序甚至不必解析整个文档,它可以在某个条件得到满足时停止解析。一般来说,SAX还比它的替代者DOM快很多。SAX解析器采用了基于事件的模型,它在解析XML文档的时候可以触发一系列的事件,当发现给定的tag的时候,它可以激活一个回调方法,告诉该方法制定的标签已经找到。SAX对内存的要求通常会比较低,因为它让开发人员来决定所要处理的tag。特别是当开发人员只需要处理文档中所包含的部分数据时,SAX这种扩展能力得到了更好的体现。但用SAX解析器的时候编码工作会比较困难,而且很难同时访问同一个文档中的多处不同数据。优点:(1)、不需要等待所有数据都被处理,分析就能立即开始;(2)、只在读取数据时检查数据,不需要保存在内存中;(3)、可以在某个条件得到满足时停止解析,不必解析整个文档;(4)、效率和性能较高,能解析大于系统内存的文档。缺点:(1)、需要应用程序自己负责TAG的处理逻辑(例如维护父/子关系等),文档越复杂程序就越复杂;(2)、单向导航,无法定位文档层次,很难同时访问同一文档的不同部分数据,不支持XPath。
DOM是用与平台和语言无关的方式表示XML文档的官方W3C标准。DOM是以层次结构组织的节点或信息片段的集合。这个层次结构允许开发人员在树中寻找特定信息。分析该结构通常需要加载整个文档和构造层次结构,然后才能做任何工作。由于它是基于信息层次的,因而DOM被认为是基于树或基于对象的。优点:(1)、允许应用程序对数据和结构做出更改;(2)、访问是双向的,可以在任何时候在树中上下导航,获取和操作任意部分的数据。缺点:通常需要加载整个XML文档来构造层次结构,消耗资源大。
基于C/C++语言的XML解析库包括:
(1)、Expat:http://www.libexpat.org/ ;
(2)、die-xml:https://code.google.com/p/die-xml/;
(3)、Xerces-C++:http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-c/index.html;
(4)、TinyXml:http://www.grinninglizard.com/tinyxml/;
Xerces-C++的编译和使用:
1、 从http://xerces.apache.org/xerces-c/download.cgi#verify下载 xerces-c-3.1.1.zip 源代码,并解压缩;
2、 用vs2010打开xerces-c-3.1.1\projects\Win32\VC10\xerces-all目录下的xerces-all.sln;
3、 分别选择SolutionConfigurations、Solution Platforms中相关项,然后选中Solution ‘xerces-all’,-->单击右键,选择执行Rebuild Solution,会在/Build/Win32/VC10目录下生成相应的动态库和静态库,这里选择Static Debug/xerces-c_static_3D.lib和Static Release/xerces-c_static_3.lib进行测试;
4、在’xerces-all’工作空间的基础上新建一个TestXerces工程,选中此工程,分别在Debug和Release下,工程属性(1)、Configuration Properties -->Character Set:Use Unicode Character Set; (2)、C/C++-->General-->Additional Include Directories: ../../../../../src ,C/C++ -->Prerocessor中加入:_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE
_WINDOWS
XERCES_STATIC_LIBRARY
XERCES_BUILDING_LIBRARY
XERCES_USE_TRANSCODER_WINDOWS
XERCES_USE_MSGLOADER_INMEMORY
XERCES_USE_NETACCESSOR_WINSOCK
XERCES_USE_FILEMGR_WINDOWS
XERCES_USE_MUTEXMGR_WINDOWS
XERCES_PATH_DELIMITER_BACKSLASH
HAVE_STRICMP
HAVE_STRNICMP
HAVE_LIMITS_H
HAVE_SYS_TIMEB_H
HAVE_FTIME
HAVE_WCSUPR
HAVE_WCSLWR
HAVE_WCSICMP
HAVE_WCSNICMP
#pragma once
#include "targetver.h"
#include
#include "xercesc/util/PlatformUtils.hpp"
#include "xercesc/util/XMLString.hpp"
#include "xercesc/dom/DOM.hpp"
#include "xercesc/util/OutOfMemoryException.hpp"
#include "xercesc/util/TransService.hpp"
#include "xercesc/parsers/SAXParser.hpp"
#include "xercesc/sax/HandlerBase.hpp"
#include "xercesc/framework/XMLFormatter.hpp"
#include "stdafx.h"
// TODO: reference any additional headers you need in STDAFX.H
// and not in this file
#ifdef _DEBUG
#pragma comment(lib, "../../../../../Build/Win32/VC10/Static Debug/xerces-c_static_3D.lib")
#else
#pragma comment(lib, "../../../../../Build/Win32/VC10/Static Release/xerces-c_static_3.lib")
#endif
#include "stdafx.h"
#include
using namespace std;
XERCES_CPP_NAMESPACE_USE
class XStr
{
public :
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructors and Destructor
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
XStr(const char* const toTranscode)
{
// Call the private transcoding method
fUnicodeForm = XMLString::transcode(toTranscode);
}
~XStr()
{
XMLString::release(&fUnicodeForm);
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Getter methods
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
const XMLCh* unicodeForm() const
{
return fUnicodeForm;
}
private :
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Private data members
//
// fUnicodeForm
// This is the Unicode XMLCh format of the string.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
XMLCh* fUnicodeForm;
};
#define X(str) XStr(str).unicodeForm()
/*
* This sample illustrates how you can create a DOM tree in memory.
* It then prints the count of elements in the tree.
*/
int CreateDOMDocument()
{
// Initialize the XML4C2 system.
try {
XMLPlatformUtils::Initialize();
} catch(const XMLException& toCatch) {
char *pMsg = XMLString::transcode(toCatch.getMessage());
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "Error during Xerces-c Initialization.\n"
<< " Exception message:"
<< pMsg;
XMLString::release(&pMsg);
return 1;
}
// Watch for special case help request
int errorCode = 0;
/*{
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cout << "\nUsage:\n"
" CreateDOMDocument\n\n"
"This program creates a new DOM document from scratch in memory.\n"
"It then prints the count of elements in the tree.\n"
<< XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 1;
}*/
if(errorCode) {
XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate();
return errorCode;
}
{
// Nest entire test in an inner block.
// The tree we create below is the same that the XercesDOMParser would
// have created, except that no whitespace text nodes would be created.
//
// Xerces-C
// XML Parsing Tools
// Apache Software Foundation
//
DOMImplementation* impl = DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementation(X("Core"));
if (impl != NULL) {
try {
DOMDocument* doc = impl->createDocument(
0, // root element namespace URI.
X("company"), // root element name
0); // document type object (DTD).
DOMElement* rootElem = doc->getDocumentElement();
DOMElement* prodElem = doc->createElement(X("product"));
rootElem->appendChild(prodElem);
DOMText* prodDataVal = doc->createTextNode(X("Xerces-C"));
prodElem->appendChild(prodDataVal);
DOMElement* catElem = doc->createElement(X("category"));
rootElem->appendChild(catElem);
catElem->setAttribute(X("idea"), X("great"));
DOMText* catDataVal = doc->createTextNode(X("XML Parsing Tools"));
catElem->appendChild(catDataVal);
DOMElement* devByElem = doc->createElement(X("developedBy"));
rootElem->appendChild(devByElem);
DOMText* devByDataVal = doc->createTextNode(X("Apache Software Foundation"));
devByElem->appendChild(devByDataVal);
//
// Now count the number of elements in the above DOM tree.
//
const XMLSize_t elementCount = doc->getElementsByTagName(X("*"))->getLength();
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cout << "The tree just created contains: " << elementCount
<< " elements." << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
doc->release();
} catch (const OutOfMemoryException&) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "OutOfMemoryException" << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 5;
} catch (const DOMException& e) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "DOMException code is: " << e.code << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 2;
} catch (...) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "An error occurred creating the document" << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 3;
}
} else{// (inpl != NULL)
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "Requested implementation is not supported" << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 4;
}
}
XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate();
return errorCode;
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// This is a simple class that lets us do easy (though not terribly efficient)
// transcoding of XMLCh data to local code page for display.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class StrX
{
public :
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructors and Destructor
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
StrX(const XMLCh* const toTranscode)
{
// Call the private transcoding method
fLocalForm = XMLString::transcode(toTranscode);
}
~StrX()
{
XMLString::release(&fLocalForm);
}
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Getter methods
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
const char* localForm() const
{
return fLocalForm;
}
private :
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Private data members
//
// fLocalForm
// This is the local code page form of the string.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
char* fLocalForm;
};
inline XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER ostream& operator<<(XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER ostream& target, const StrX& toDump)
{
target << toDump.localForm();
return target;
}
int SAXPrint()
{
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Local data
//
// doNamespaces
// Indicates whether namespace processing should be enabled or not.
// Defaults to disabled.
//
// doSchema
// Indicates whether schema processing should be enabled or not.
// Defaults to disabled.
//
// schemaFullChecking
// Indicates whether full schema constraint checking should be enabled or not.
// Defaults to disabled.
//
// encodingName
// The encoding we are to output in. If not set on the command line,
// then it is defaulted to LATIN1.
//
// xmlFile
// The path to the file to parser. Set via command line.
//
// valScheme
// Indicates what validation scheme to use. It defaults to 'auto', but
// can be set via the -v= command.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
static bool doNamespaces = false;
static bool doSchema = false;
static bool schemaFullChecking = false;
static const char* encodingName = "LATIN1";
static XMLFormatter::UnRepFlags unRepFlags = XMLFormatter::UnRep_CharRef;
static char* xmlFile = 0;
static SAXParser::ValSchemes valScheme = SAXParser::Val_Auto;
// Initialize the XML4C2 system
try {
XMLPlatformUtils::Initialize();
} catch (const XMLException& toCatch) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "Error during initialization! :\n"
<< StrX(toCatch.getMessage()) << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
return 1;
}
xmlFile = "../../../../../samples/data/personal-schema.xml";
int errorCount = 0;
//
// Create a SAX parser object. Then, according to what we were told on
// the command line, set it to validate or not.
//
SAXParser* parser = new SAXParser;
parser->setValidationScheme(valScheme);
parser->setDoNamespaces(doNamespaces);
parser->setDoSchema(doSchema);
parser->setHandleMultipleImports (true);
parser->setValidationSchemaFullChecking(schemaFullChecking);
//
// Create the handler object and install it as the document and error
// handler for the parser-> Then parse the file and catch any exceptions
// that propogate out
//
int errorCode = 0;
try {
//SAXPrintHandlers handler(encodingName, unRepFlags);
//parser->setDocumentHandler(&handler);
//parser->setErrorHandler(&handler);
parser->parse(xmlFile);
errorCount = parser->getErrorCount();
} catch (const OutOfMemoryException&) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "OutOfMemoryException" << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 5;
} catch (const XMLException& toCatch) {
XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER cerr << "\nAn error occurred\n Error: "
<< StrX(toCatch.getMessage())
<< "\n" << XERCES_STD_QUALIFIER endl;
errorCode = 4;
}
if(errorCode) {
XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate();
return errorCode;
}
//
// Delete the parser itself. Must be done prior to calling Terminate, below.
//
delete parser;
// And call the termination method
XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate();
if (errorCount > 0)
return 4;
else
return 0;
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
CreateDOMDocument();
SAXPrint();
cout<<"ok!"<