方法区,也称非堆(Non-Heap),是一个被线程共享的内存区域。
其中主要存储加载的类字节码、class/method/field等元数据对象、static-final常量、static变量、jit编译器编译后的代码缓存等数据。另外,方法区包含了一个特殊的区域“运行时常量池”。
方法区包含:
private int num;
public void delete (String path) throws IOException{ }
方法区是JVM的规范,永久代与元空间是HotSpot JVM两种落地实现方式。 jdk1.7通过永久代实现,jdk1.8通过元空间实现
永久代指的是永久保存区域,逻辑上属于堆空间。主要存放Class和Meta(元数据)的信息。Classic在被加载的时候被放入永久代。
元空间和永久代类似,都是对JVM规范中方法的实现。不过元空间并不在虚拟机中,而是使用本地内存。默认情况下,元空间的大小仅受本地内存的限制。类的元数据放入native memory,字符串池和类的静态变量放入java堆中。
-XX:MetaspaceSize ,初始空间大小
-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize,最大空间
版本 | 变化 |
---|---|
jdk1.6 | 有永久代,静态变量存放在永久代上 |
jdk1.7 | 有永久代,但已逐步“去永久代”,字符串常量池、静态变量从永久代中移除,存放在堆中 |
jdk1.8 | 无永久代,类型信息、字段、方法、常量保存在本地内存的元空间,但字符串常量池、静态变量保存在堆中 |
以上述字节码文件为例
public void test1() {
int count =20;
System.out.println("count="+count);
}
编译得到字节码文件
0 bipush 20
2 istore_1
3 getstatic #3 <java/lang/System.out>
6 new #4 <java/lang/StringBuilder>
9 dup
10 invokespecial #5 <java/lang/StringBuilder.<init>>
13 ldc #6 <count=>
15 invokevirtual #7 <java/lang/StringBuilder.append>
18 iload_1
19 invokevirtual #8 <java/lang/StringBuilder.append>
22 invokevirtual #9 <java/lang/StringBuilder.toString>
25 invokevirtual #10 <java/io/PrintStream.println>
28 return
以其中第3行为例:调用 #3
/* Fieldref:指向字段的符号引用 */
#3 = Fieldref #44.#45 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
/* Class:指向类(包括数组类、枚举类)和接口的符号引用 */
#44 = Class #63 // java/lang/System
/* NameAndType:给出字段或方法的名称和描述符 */
#45 = NameAndType #64:#65 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
/* Utf8:存放MUTF-8编码的字符串 */
#63 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#64 = Utf8 out
#65 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
第6行:new #4
#4 = Class #46 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#46 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
第10行:invokespecial #5
#5 = Methodref #4.#42 // java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
#4 = Class #46 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#42 = NameAndType #25:#26 // "":()V
#46 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#25 = Utf8 <init>
#26 = Utf8 ()V
所以,常量池中至少包含:
#6 = String #47 // count=
#3 = Fieldref #44.#45 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#44 = Class #63 // java/lang/System
#45 = NameAndType #64:#65
什么是运行时常量池?
主要回收:
public class TestMethodArea extends Object implements Comparable<String>,Serializable{
//属性
public int num=10;
private static String s="测试方法区内部结构";
//构造器,使用默认的
//自定义方法
public void test1() {
int count =20;
System.out.println("count="+count);
}
public static int test2(int cal) {
int res=0;
try {
int val=20;
res=val/cal;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return res;
}
//继承接口重写的方法
@Override
public int compareTo(String o) {
return 0;
}
}
Classfile /C:/Users/cc/Desktop/TestMethodArea.class
Last modified 2020-8-3; size 1338 bytes
MD5 checksum 6deebe9989d830f376c1755cb0562380
Compiled from "TestMethodArea.java"
//方法信息
public class com.cc.methodarea.TestMethodArea extends java.lang.Object implements java.lang.Comparable<java.lang.String>, java.io.Serializable
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
//常量池
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #18.#42 // java/lang/Object."":()V
#2 = Fieldref #17.#43 // com/cc/methodarea/TestMethodArea.num:I
#3 = Fieldref #44.#45 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#4 = Class #46 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#5 = Methodref #4.#42 // java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
#6 = String #47 // count=
#7 = Methodref #4.#48 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#8 = Methodref #4.#49 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#9 = Methodref #4.#50 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#10 = Methodref #51.#52 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#11 = Class #53 // java/lang/Exception
#12 = Methodref #11.#54 // java/lang/Exception.printStackTrace:()V
#13 = Class #55 // java/lang/String
#14 = Methodref #17.#56 // com/cc/methodarea/TestMethodArea.compareTo:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
#15 = String #57 // 测试方法区内部结构
#16 = Fieldref #17.#58 // com/cc/methodarea/TestMethodArea.s:Ljava/lang/String;
#17 = Class #59 // com/cc/methodarea/TestMethodArea
#18 = Class #60 // java/lang/Object
#19 = Class #61 // java/lang/Comparable
#20 = Class #62 // java/io/Serializable
#21 = Utf8 num
#22 = Utf8 I
#23 = Utf8 s
#24 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/String;
#25 = Utf8 <init>
#26 = Utf8 ()V
#27 = Utf8 Code
#28 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#29 = Utf8 test1
#30 = Utf8 test2
#31 = Utf8 (I)I
#32 = Utf8 StackMapTable
#33 = Class #53 // java/lang/Exception
#34 = Utf8 compareTo
#35 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)I
#36 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/Object;)I
#37 = Utf8 <clinit>
#38 = Utf8 Signature
#39 = Utf8 Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Comparable<Ljava/lang/String;>;Ljava/io/Serializable;
#40 = Utf8 SourceFile
#41 = Utf8 TestMethodArea.java
#42 = NameAndType #25:#26 // "":()V
#43 = NameAndType #21:#22 // num:I
#44 = Class #63 // java/lang/System
#45 = NameAndType #64:#65 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#46 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#47 = Utf8 count=
#48 = NameAndType #66:#67 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#49 = NameAndType #66:#68 // append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#50 = NameAndType #69:#70 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#51 = Class #71 // java/io/PrintStream
#52 = NameAndType #72:#73 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#53 = Utf8 java/lang/Exception
#54 = NameAndType #74:#26 // printStackTrace:()V
#55 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#56 = NameAndType #34:#35 // compareTo:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
#57 = Utf8 测试方法区内部结构
#58 = NameAndType #23:#24 // s:Ljava/lang/String;
#59 = Utf8 com/cc/methodarea/TestMethodArea
#60 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#61 = Utf8 java/lang/Comparable
#62 = Utf8 java/io/Serializable
#63 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#64 = Utf8 out
#65 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#66 = Utf8 append
#67 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#68 = Utf8 (I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#69 = Utf8 toString
#70 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#71 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#72 = Utf8 println
#73 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
#74 = Utf8 printStackTrace
{
//域信息
public int num;
descriptor: I
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
private static java.lang.String s;
descriptor: Ljava/lang/String;
flags: ACC_PRIVATE, ACC_STATIC
//默认构造器 init方法
public com.cc.methodarea.TestMethodArea();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."":()V
4: aload_0
5: bipush 10
7: putfield #2 // Field num:I
10: return
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0
line 7: 4
//方法信息
public void test1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
//字节码
Code:
//操作数栈、局部变量表、参数大小(指this对象)
stack=3, locals=2, args_size=1
0: bipush 20
2: istore_1
3: getstatic #3 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
6: new #4 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
9: dup
10: invokespecial #5 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."":()V
13: ldc #6 // String count=
15: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
18: iload_1
19: invokevirtual #8 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
22: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
25: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
28: return
LineNumberTable:
line 14: 0
line 15: 3
line 16: 28
public static int test2(int);
descriptor: (I)I
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1(指int形参、static没有this类型)
0: iconst_0
1: istore_1
2: bipush 20
4: istore_2
5: iload_2
6: iload_0
7: idiv
8: istore_1
9: goto 17
12: astore_2
13: aload_2
14: invokevirtual #12 // Method java/lang/Exception.printStackTrace:()V
17: iload_1
18: ireturn
//异常表
Exception table:
from to target type
2 9 12 Class java/lang/Exception
LineNumberTable:
line 18: 0
line 20: 2
line 21: 5
line 24: 9
line 22: 12
line 23: 13
line 25: 17
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
frame_type = 255 /* full_frame */
offset_delta = 12
locals = [ int, int ]
stack = [ class java/lang/Exception ]
frame_type = 4 /* same */
public int compareTo(java.lang.String);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/String;)I
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=2, args_size=2
0: iconst_0
1: ireturn
LineNumberTable:
line 31: 0
public int compareTo(java.lang.Object);
descriptor: (Ljava/lang/Object;)I
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_BRIDGE, ACC_SYNTHETIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=2, args_size=2
0: aload_0
1: aload_1
2: checkcast #13 // class java/lang/String
5: invokevirtual #14 // Method compareTo:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
8: ireturn
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0
static {};
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=0, args_size=0
0: ldc #15 // String 测试方法区内部结构
2: putstatic #16 // Field s:Ljava/lang/String;
5: return
LineNumberTable:
line 8: 0
}
Signature: #39 // Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Comparable;Ljava/io/Serializable;
SourceFile: "TestMethodArea.java"