磁盘管理高级进阶-LVM逻辑卷管理

文章目录

  • 一、LVM逻辑卷管理
    • 1. 概念
    • 2. LVM组成部分
  • 二、创建 LVM逻辑卷
    • 1. 物理卷的管理(pv)
      • 1.1创建物理卷--pvcreate
      • 1.2查看物理卷—pvscan & pvdisplay
      • 1.3删除物理卷—pvremove
    • 2. 卷组管理(vg)
      • 2.1创建卷组—vgcreate
      • 2.2查看卷组—vgscan & vgdisplay
      • 2.3增加卷组容量--vgextend
      • 2.4减小卷组容量--vgreduce
      • 2.5删除卷组—vgremove
    • 3. 逻辑卷管理(lv)
      • 3.1创建逻辑卷--lvcreate
      • 3.2查看逻辑卷—lvscan & lvdisplay
      • 3.3增加逻辑卷容量--lvextend
      • 3.4减小逻辑卷容量—lvreduce

一、LVM逻辑卷管理

1. 概念

LVM(Logical Volume Manager)逻辑卷管理,它是Linux环境下对磁盘和分区进行管理的一种机制。

普通的磁盘分区管理方式在分区划分好之后一般无法改变其大小(有风险)

LVM就是将物pv融合成一个或几个大的vg,按照我们的需求去划分vg的空间,由于是虚拟的存储池,所以划分空间时可以自由的调整大小

磁盘管理高级进阶-LVM逻辑卷管理_第1张图片

LVM重点在于可以弹性的调整文件系统(filesystem)的容量,而并非在于数据的存储效率及安全**

2. LVM组成部分

物理卷(PV,Physical Volume):由磁盘或分区转化而成

卷组(VG,Volume Group):将多个物理卷组合在一起组成了卷组,组成同一个卷组的可以是同一个硬盘的不同分区,也可以是不同硬盘上的不同分区,我们通常把卷组理解为一块硬盘。

逻辑卷(LV,Logical Volume):把卷组理解为硬盘的话,那么我们的逻辑卷则是硬盘上的分区,逻辑卷可以进行格式化,存储数据。

物理扩展(PE,Physical Extend):PE卷组的最小存储单元,PE所在的位置是VG卷组,即硬盘上,那么我们可以把PE理解为硬盘上的扇区,默认是4MB,可自由配置。

二、创建 LVM逻辑卷

(1)将磁盘分区,或整块磁盘不分区
(2)将磁盘上的分区或整块盘建立成物理卷(PV)
(3)将创建好的物理卷组合成卷组(VG),通过添加或者删除一块物理卷,来实现卷组大小的调整。
(4)最后将卷组划分成逻辑卷(LV),逻辑卷也是可以随意调整大小的,逻辑卷相当于真正的分区,那么要使用必须进行格式化和挂载。

使用fdisk 来进行分区,分区的系统ID需要使用t选项修改为8e00
磁盘管理高级进阶-LVM逻辑卷管理_第2张图片

1. 物理卷的管理(pv)

1.1创建物理卷–pvcreate

格式:pvcreate 磁盘名/分区名

分区:
在这里插入图片描述
整块硬盘:
在这里插入图片描述

1.2查看物理卷—pvscan & pvdisplay

格式:
pvs 是pvscan的简写
pvdisplay
pvdisplay 指定磁盘名/分区名

[root@xxx ~]# :pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree 
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.00g     0 
  /dev/sdd1         lvm2 ---   10.00g 10.00g
  /dev/sde          lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :pvdisplay 
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda2
  VG Name               centos
  PV Size               <19.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4863
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          4863
  PV UUID               CQu05U-dzdQ-QkTT-W4OR-EaIW-f7EV-cC9sJi
   
  "/dev/sdd1" is a new physical volume of "10.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdd1
  VG Name               
  PV Size               10.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               wvT7tu-mSmu-OzjE-oNrQ-4ILN-S38J-hscKsx
   
  "/dev/sde" is a new physical volume of "20.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sde
  VG Name               
  PV Size               20.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               fF8Umg-JrkA-NAMu-QTMI-ebds-NFTD-HS1osw

1.3删除物理卷—pvremove

格式:
pvremove 磁盘名/分区名

[root@xxx ~]# :pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree 
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.00g     0 
  /dev/sdd1         lvm2 ---   10.00g 10.00g
  /dev/sde          lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g
  /dev/sdf          lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :pvremove /dev/sdf
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf" successfully wiped.
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree 
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.00g     0 
  /dev/sdd1         lvm2 ---   10.00g 10.00g
  /dev/sde          lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g

2. 卷组管理(vg)

2.1创建卷组—vgcreate

格式:
vgcreate 选项 卷组名 磁盘名/分区名(可以写多个,空格分开)
-s 大小:指定VG的PE大小

[root@xxx ~]# :vgcreate -s 2M vg1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde
  Volume group "vg1" successfully created

2.2查看卷组—vgscan & vgdisplay

格式:
vgs 是vgscan的简写
vgdisplay
vgdisplay 指定磁盘名/分区名

[root@xxx ~]# :vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g      0 
  vg1      2   0   0 wz--n- <30.00g <30.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               centos
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               <19.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4863
  Alloc PE / Size       4863 / <19.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0   
  VG UUID               d4wUf7-yU7O-0hdk-ohdD-4UME-TIBw-qQMQyr
   
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg1
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               <30.00 GiB
  PE Size               2.00 MiB
  Total PE              15358
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       15358 / <30.00 GiB
  VG UUID               1U8tJu-cHBt-B8TV-Ao2j-t29G-ULc3-DlHB04

2.3增加卷组容量–vgextend

格式:
vgextend 卷组名 磁盘名/分区名

[root@xxx ~]# :vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g      0 
  vg1      1   0   0 wz--n- <10.00g <10.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :vgextend vg1 /dev/sde
  Volume group "vg1" successfully extended
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g      0 
  vg1      2   0   0 wz--n- <30.00g <30.00g

2.4减小卷组容量–vgreduce

删除需谨慎

格式:
vgreduce 卷组名 物理卷名

[root@xxx ~]# :vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g      0 
  vg1      2   0   0 wz--n- <30.00g <30.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :vgreduce vg1 /dev/sde
  Removed "/dev/sde" from volume group "vg1"
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <19.00g      0 
  vg1      1   0   0 wz--n- <10.00g <10.00g

2.5删除卷组—vgremove

格式:
vgremove 卷组名

看到VG一列,卷组被删除掉

[root@xxx ~]# :pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree  
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.00g      0 
  /dev/sdd1  vg1    lvm2 ---   10.00g 10.00g
  /dev/sde   vg1    lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g
[root@xxx ~]# :vgremove vg1
  Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
[root@xxx ~]# :pvs
  PV         VG     Fmt  Attr PSize   PFree 
  /dev/sda2  centos lvm2 a--  <19.00g     0 
  /dev/sdd1         lvm2 ---   10.00g 10.00g
  /dev/sde          lvm2 ---   20.00g 20.00g

3. 逻辑卷管理(lv)

3.1创建逻辑卷–lvcreate

格式:
lvcreate 参数 -n 逻辑卷名 卷组名

参数:
-L 容量:指定创建的逻辑卷大小,单位:MB,GB,TB等
-l(小) 个数:按照PE个数来指定逻辑卷大小
-n 逻辑卷名:指定逻辑卷叫什么名

[root@xxx ~]# :lvcreate -L 15G -n lv1 vg1
  Logical volume "lv1" created.

注:因为逻辑卷相当于是分区,所以需要进行格式化和挂载才能使用,及自启动

[root@xxx ~]# :mkfs.xfs /dev/vg1/lv1
meta-data=/dev/vg1/lv1           isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=983040 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=3932160, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :mkdir /disk/guazai5
[root@xxx ~]# :mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /disk/guazai5
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep movie
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep /disk/guazai5
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1       15G   33M   15G   1% /disk/guazai5
[root@xxx ~]# :echo "/dev/vg1/lv1 /disk/guazai5 xfs defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
[root@xxx ~]# :mount -a
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  2.7G   15G  16% /
devtmpfs                 475M     0  475M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    487M     0  487M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    487M  7.7M  479M   2% /run
tmpfs                    487M     0  487M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdc1                 20G  483M   20G   3% /disk/guazai4
/dev/sdb1                 10G   33M   10G   1% /disk/guazai3
/dev/sda1               1014M  133M  882M  14% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1       15G   33M   15G   1% /disk/guazai5

3.2查看逻辑卷—lvscan & lvdisplay

格式:
lvs 是lvscan的简写
lvdisplay

[root@xxx ~]# :lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root centos -wi-ao---- <17.00g                                                    
  swap centos -wi-ao----   2.00g                                                    
  lv1  vg1    -wi-ao----  15.00g                                                    
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg1/lv1
  LV Name                lv1
  VG Name                vg1
  LV UUID                Oxd3vD-Q0wD-QHb0-bf6o-3TEJ-VV08-DI01U9
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time xxx, 2020-04-22 23:42:51 -0400
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             7680
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/swap
  LV Name                swap
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                AmBZcm-EgKm-4Lx7-WSUf-KYvH-CtEO-zpIHjz
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-02-27 23:30:51 -0500
  LV Status              available
  # open                 2
  LV Size                2.00 GiB
  Current LE             512
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:1
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                ZzVT9H-lHCv-lbjh-xsMU-uDM9-17Yp-ThoiF9
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-02-27 23:30:51 -0500
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                <17.00 GiB
  Current LE             4351
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0

3.3增加逻辑卷容量–lvextend

注意:CentOS6.x中修改lv及文件系统的大小,必须先将lv及文件系统卸载(umount)CentOS7.x可以不用卸载

格式:
lvextend -L +10G /dev/vg1/lv1 先增加lv的大小
C7:xfs_growfs /dev/vg1/lv1 再修改文件系统的大小
C6:resize2fs -f /dev/vg1/lv1 再修改文件系统的大小

3.3.1先卸载,增加lv容量

[root@xxx ~]# :umount /dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   17G  2.7G   15G  16% /
devtmpfs                 475M     0  475M   0% /dev
tmpfs                    487M     0  487M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    487M  7.7M  479M   2% /run
tmpfs                    487M     0  487M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdc1                 20G  483M   20G   3% /disk/guazai4
/dev/sdb1                 10G   33M   10G   1% /disk/guazai3
/dev/sda1               1014M  133M  882M  14% /boot
tmpfs                     98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0
[root@xxx ~]# :lvextend -L +5G /dev/vg1/lv1
  Size of logical volume vg1/lv1 changed from 15.00 GiB (7680 extents) to 20.00 GiB (10240 extents).
  Logical volume vg1/lv1 successfully resized.
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /disk/guazai5
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep /disk/guazai5
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1       15G   33M   15G   1% /disk/guazai5

卸载挂载点后,我们增加lv大小后,我们挂载查看,实际容量并未增加,所以

3.3.2修改文件系统的大小

[root@xxx ~]# :xfs_growfs /dev/vg1/lv1
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1    isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=983040 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=3932160, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 3932160 to 5242880
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep /disk/guazai5
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1       20G   33M   20G   1% /disk/guazai5

就可以查看到容量大小已经更新(15G+5G变成20G)

3.4减小逻辑卷容量—lvreduce

注意:修改lv及文件系统的大小,必须先将lv及文件系统卸载(umount)
注意:做好备份

格式:
lvreduce -L +10G /dev/vg1/lv1 指定分区减小多多大
mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vg1/lv1 再重新格式化 ,挂载,查看

注意:xfs文件系统默认只支持扩容,不支持缩小,so,无法真正做到无损…(因为需要重新格式化)

3.4.1 首先卸载挂载点,指定减小的分区大小

[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep /disk/guazai5
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1       20G   33M   20G   1% /disk/guazai5
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :umount /dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :lvreduce -L 5G /dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
  WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 5.00 GiB.
  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce vg1/lv1? [y/n]: Y
  Size of logical volume vg1/lv1 changed from 20.00 GiB (10240 extents) to 5.00 GiB (2560 extents).
  Logical volume vg1/lv1 successfully resized.

3.4.2 强制重新格式化,挂载,查看

[root@xxx ~]# :mkfs.xfs -f /dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1    isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@xxx ~]# :mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /disk/guazai5
[root@xxx ~]# :df -h | grep /disk/guazai5
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1      5.0G   33M  5.0G   1% /disk/guazai5

到这里,我们查看的容量大小就变成5G了。

注意:把备份恢复

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