HTTP 严格传输安全（HSTS）

What is HSTS?

HTTPS (HTTP encrypted with SSL or TLS) is an essential part of the measures to secure traffic to a website, making it very difficult for an attacker to intercept, modify, or fake traffic between a user and the website.

When a user enters a web domain manually (providing the domain name without the  http://  or  https:// prefix) or follows a plain  http://  link, the first request to the website is sent unencrypted, using plain HTTP. Most secured websites immediately send back a redirect to upgrade the user to an HTTPS connection, but a well-placed attacker can mount a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack to intercept the initial HTTP request and can control the user’s session from then on.

HSTS seeks to deal with the potential vulnerability by instructing the browser that a domain can only be accessed using HTTPS. Even if the user enters or follows a plain HTTP link, the browser strictly upgrades the connection to HTTPS:

Chrome developer tools illustrate how an HSTS policy

generates an internal redirect to upgrade HTTP to HTTPS

How Does HSTS Work?

An HSTS policy is published by sending the following HTTP response header from secure (HTTPS) websites:

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000

When a browser sees this header from an HTTPS website, it “learns” that this domain must only be accessed using HTTPS (SSL or TLS). It caches this information for the  max-age  period (typically 31,536,000 seconds, equal to about 1 year).

The optional  includeSubDomains  parameter tells the browser that the HSTS policy also applies to all subdomains of the current domain.

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains

For example, the HTML response for  https://www.example.com  can include a request to a resource from  https://example.com , to make sure that HSTS is set for all subdomains of  example.com .

Read More

For more details about HSTS, check out the following resources:

• RFC 6797, HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)
• HTTP Strict Transport Security on Wikipedia
• Browser support for HSTS