使用Immutable对象解决线程安全

何为Immutable对象?

简单地说,如果一个对象实例不能被更改就是一个Immutable的对象,Java SDK提供的大量值对象,比如String等都是Immutable的对象。

如何使对象Immutable?

按照Effective Java的说明,需要满足下面几条规则:

  • 保证类不能被继承 - 为了避免其继承的类进行mutable的操作
  • 移调所有setter/update等修改对象实例的操作
  • 保证所有的field是private和final的

为什么要采用Immutable对象?

在并发程序中,使用Immutable可以既保证线程安全性,跟并发锁方式相比,它大大增强了并发时的效率。尤其当一个对象是值对象时,更应该考虑采用Immutable方式。

为了说明,这里先举一个Mutable的非线程安全的例子。person应该是一个典型的值对象,但下面的例子没有使他具备Immutable特性。

//non thread-safe
public class ImmutableDemo {
	static MutablePerson testM = new MutablePerson("joanieM", 14);
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Thread t1 = new MutableTestThread(1);
		t1.start();
		Thread t2 = new MutableTestThread(2);
		t2.start();
	}
}

class MutablePerson {
	private int age; //Rule 1: all fields are private and final
	private String name;
	
	public MutablePerson(String name, int age) { //rule 2: a factory method pattern is adopted to create the object
		this.age = age;
		this.name = name;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public int getAge() {
		return age;
	}

	public String toString() {
		return name +": "+age +"year(s) old";
	}
	
	public void updatePerson(String name, int age){
		this.name = name;
		this.age = age;
		System.out.println(this);
	}
}

class MutableTestThread extends Thread {
	final int MAX=10; 
	final int idx;

	public MutableTestThread(int idx) {
		this.idx = idx;
	}

	public void run() {
		for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
			ImmutableDemo.testM.updatePerson("joanieM"+idx, idx*MAX+i);
			
			try {
				Thread.sleep(20+i*2);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
	}
}

运行结果:

joanieM1: 10year(s) old
joanieM2: 20year(s) old
joanieM2: 11year(s) old
joanieM2: 11year(s) old
joanieM2: 22year(s) old
joanieM2: 22year(s) old
joanieM2: 13year(s) old
joanieM2: 13year(s) old
joanieM2: 14year(s) old
joanieM2: 14year(s) old
joanieM1: 15year(s) old
joanieM2: 25year(s) old
joanieM1: 16year(s) old
joanieM1: 16year(s) old
joanieM2: 27year(s) old
joanieM1: 27year(s) old
joanieM1: 18year(s) old
joanieM2: 28year(s) old
joanieM2: 29year(s) old
joanieM1: 19year(s) old

结果中红颜色标注的都是错误的结果。由于没有采取任何保证线程安全性的操作,首先线程t1执行完updatePerson函数的this.age=age后被挂起,线程t2执行完updatePerson函数的this.name=name后被挂起,线程t1继续执行,此时的name值为t2执行的结果joanieM2,age则为t1执行的结果,于是打印出了错误的值:joanieM2: 11year(s) old

下面的例子给出了如何使用Immutable来保证值对象的线程安全性的。

public class ImmutableDemo {
	//test is a shared thread-safe object. 
	static ImmutablePerson test = ImmutablePerson.getPerson("joanie", 14);
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Thread t1 = new TestThread(1);
		t1.start();
		Thread t2 = new TestThread(2);
		t2.start();
	}
}

//a sample immutable class
//Rule 4: define class as final one
final class ImmutablePerson {
	private final int age; //Rule 1: all fields are private and final
	private final String name;
	
	private ImmutablePerson(String name, int age) { //rule 2: a factory method pattern is adopted to create the object
		this.age = age;
		this.name = name;
		System.out.println(this);
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public int getAge() {
		return age;
	}

	public String toString() {
		return name +": "+age +"year(s) old";
	}
	//Rule 3: no setters for value update. Create a new class instead
	public static ImmutablePerson getPerson(String name, int age) {
		return new ImmutablePerson(name, age);
	} 
}

class TestThread extends Thread {
	final int MAX=10; 
	final int idx;

	public TestThread(int idx) {
		this.idx = idx;
	}

	public void run() {
		for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
			ImmutableDemo.test = ImmutablePerson.getPerson("joanie"+idx, idx*MAX+i);
			try {
				Thread.sleep(20+i*2);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				// TODO Auto-generated catch block
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
	}
}
运行结果:
joanie1: 10year(s) old
joanie2: 20year(s) old
joanie1: 11year(s) old
joanie2: 21year(s) old
joanie1: 12year(s) old
joanie2: 22year(s) old
joanie1: 13year(s) old
joanie2: 23year(s) old
joanie1: 14year(s) old
joanie2: 24year(s) old
joanie1: 15year(s) old
joanie2: 25year(s) old
joanie1: 16year(s) old
joanie2: 26year(s) old
joanie1: 17year(s) old
joanie2: 27year(s) old
joanie1: 18year(s) old
joanie2: 28year(s) old
joanie1: 19year(s) old
joanie2: 29year(s) old

使用Immutable不得不提到的一个问题是:由于其使用创建新对象来代替setter/update,势必会造成过多垃圾回收的对象。因此,为了性能的考虑,往往在为某个对象提供其Immutable实现的同时,还需提供一个它的Mutable伴侣,就像StringBuffer相对于String,使用这些值对象时就需要综合考虑了。

参考资料

1. Effective Java 第二版

2. http://www.artima.com/designtechniques/threadsafety5.html

3. Java concurrency in Practice

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