Windows phone 8 学习笔记(5) 图块与通知
基于metro风格的Windows phone 8 应用提到了图块的概念，它就是指启动菜单中的快速启动图标。一般一个应用必须有一个默认图块，还可以有若干个次要图块。另外，通知与图块的关系比较密切，我们可以通过在接受到消息时动态更新图块来达到适时的效果。我们本节把图块和通知放在一起讲。
快速导航：
一、图块
二、图块更新计划
三、本地通知
四、推送通知
一、图块
1）定义默认图块
默认图块只能在清单文件中定义它，并且选定的图块模板后就不能再改变，除非重新发布应用，但是我们可以更新同类型的模板。应用安装后默认状态不会出现在开始菜单，需要在程序清单中右键选择固定到开始屏幕项。
图块模板类型：
1.图标模版：它可以包含大小两种图标，三种图块都可以用。必须为包含透明背景的png格式metro风格图片。
2.翻转模版：在中型、大型图块中可以实现翻转效果。
3.循环模板：在中型、大型图块中实现多张背景图轮流切换。
2）创建更新图块
图块的创建和更新可以通过两种方式，分别是定义模版xml或通过代码构建，下面的代码演示了如何创建和更新图块。
[C#] public partial class MainPage : PhoneApplicationPage
{
// 构造函数
public MainPage()
{
InitializeComponent();
// 用于本地化 ApplicationBar 的示例代码
//BuildLocalizedApplicationBar();
}
protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
}
private void Button_Click_1(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
CreateTitle();
}
private void ShowTitle()
{
var tilte = ShellTile.ActiveTiles.FirstOrDefault();
if (tilte != null)
{
MessageBox.Show(tilte.NavigationUri.ToString());
}
}
//图标图块
IconicTileData iconicTileData = new IconicTileData()
{
Title = "标题",
Count = 5,
WideContent1 = "第一行文本",
WideContent2 = "第二行文本",
WideContent3 = "第三行文本",
SmallIconImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/IconLarge.png", UriKind.Relative),
IconImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/IconSamall.png", UriKind.Relative),
//透明度设置为255才会显示自定义颜色背景，否则显示为系统背景
BackgroundColor = new Color { A = 255, R = 0, G = 148, B = 255 }
};
//图标图块模板
string iconicTileXml = @"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8""?>
<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=""WPNotification"" Version=""2.0"">
<wp:Tile Id=""titleid1"" Template=""IconicTile"">
<wp:SmallIconImage>/Assets/Tiles/IconLarge.png</wp:SmallIconImage>
<wp:IconImage>/Assets/Tiles/IconSamall.png</wp:IconImage>
<wp:WideContent1>第一行文本</wp:WideContent1>
<wp:WideContent2 Action=""Clear"">第二行文本</wp:WideContent2>
<wp:WideContent3>第三行文本</wp:WideContent3>
<wp:Count>6</wp:Count>
<wp:Title>标题</wp:Title>
<wp:BackgroundColor>#FF524742</wp:BackgroundColor>
</wp:Tile>
</wp:Notification>";
//可用于清除Count（如果加了Action="Clear",则清除该项的显示）
string iconicTileXml2 = @"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8""?>
<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=""WPNotification"" Version=""2.0"">
<wp:Tile Id=""titleid1"" Template=""IconicTile"">
<wp:Count Action=""Clear"">0</wp:Count>
</wp:Tile>
</wp:Notification>";
//翻转图块
FlipTileData flipTileData = new FlipTileData()
{
Title = "标题",
BackTitle = "背面标题",
BackContent = "背面的文本内容部分",
WideBackContent = "在宽图块背面的文本内容",
Count = 5,
SmallBackgroundImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Samall.png", UriKind.Relative),
BackgroundImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Medium.png", UriKind.Relative),
//不设置背景图像则显示为系统背景色
//BackBackgroundImage = new Uri("Assets/Tiles/FlipCycleTileMedium.png", UriKind.Relative),
WideBackgroundImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Large.png", UriKind.Relative),
//WideBackBackgroundImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/IconicTileMediumLarge.png", UriKind.Relative)
};
//翻转图块模板
string flipTileXml = @"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8""?>
<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=""WPNotification"" Version=""2.0"">
<wp:Tile Id=""titleid2"" Template=""FlipTile"">
<wp:SmallBackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/Samall.png</wp:SmallBackgroundImage>
<wp:WideBackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/Large.png</wp:WideBackgroundImage>
<wp:WideBackBackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/IconicTileMediumLarge.png</wp:WideBackBackgroundImage>
<wp:WideBackContent>在宽图块背面的文本内容</wp:WideBackContent>
<wp:BackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/Medium.png</wp:BackgroundImage>
<wp:Count>6</wp:Count>
<wp:Title>标题</wp:Title>
<wp:BackBackgroundImage>Assets/Tiles/FlipCycleTileMedium.png</wp:BackBackgroundImage>
<wp:BackTitle>背面标题</wp:BackTitle>
<wp:BackContent>背面的文本内容部分</wp:BackContent>
</wp:Tile>
</wp:Notification>";
//循环图块
CycleTileData cycleTileData = new CycleTileData()
{
Title = "标题",
Count = 10,
SmallBackgroundImage = new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Samall.png", UriKind.Relative),
CycleImages = new Uri[]
{
new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Title1.png", UriKind.Relative),
new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Title2.png", UriKind.Relative),
new Uri("/Assets/Tiles/Title3.png", UriKind.Relative),
}
};
//循环图块模板
string cycleTileXml = @"<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""utf-8""?>
<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=""WPNotification"" Version=""2.0"">
<wp:Tile Id=""titleid3"" Template=""CycleTile"">
<wp:SmallBackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/Samall.png</wp:SmallBackgroundImage>
<wp:CycleImage1>/Assets/Tiles/Title1.png</wp:CycleImage1>
<wp:CycleImage2>/Assets/Tiles/Title2.png</wp:CycleImage2>
<wp:CycleImage3>/Assets/Tiles/Title3.png</wp:CycleImage3>
<wp:Count>6</wp:Count>
<wp:Title>标题</wp:Title>
</wp:Tile>
</wp:Notification>";
private void CreateTitle()
{
//添加一个次要图块
ShellTile.Create(new Uri("/Page1.xaml", UriKind.Relative), iconicTileData, true);
//通过xml模板添加
ShellTile.Create(new Uri("/Page1.xaml", UriKind.Relative), new IconicTileData(iconicTileXml), true);
}
private void ClearCount()
{
//清除Count
ShellTile.ActiveTiles.ElementAt(1).Update(new IconicTileData(iconicTileXml2));
}
private void UpdateTitle()
{
//更新默认图块的内容，我们定义的翻转模版，这里不能修改模版类型
ShellTile.ActiveTiles.FirstOrDefault().Update(flipTileData);
}
}
二、图块更新计划
我们可以定义一个更新计划，定期的更新图块的背景图像。当应用退出以后，这个更新计划依然能够在后台运行。它的实现代码如下：
[C#] ShellTileSchedule SampleTileSchedule = new ShellTileSchedule();
//计划是否已经执行
bool TileScheduleRunning = false;
//开始执行计划
private void Button_Click_1(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
//指定计划执行一次还是多次
SampleTileSchedule.Recurrence = UpdateRecurrence.Interval;
//指定计划的更新间隔时间
SampleTileSchedule.Interval = UpdateInterval.EveryHour;
//指定计划的执行次数，如果未设置，则为不确定次数
SampleTileSchedule.MaxUpdateCount = 50;
//指定计划的开始时间
SampleTileSchedule.StartTime = DateTime.Now;
//获取背景图像的网络URI
SampleTileSchedule.RemoteImageUri = new Uri(@"http://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/lipan/319399/o_Large.png");
SampleTileSchedule.Start();
}
//停止计划
private void Button_Click_2(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (TileScheduleRunning) SampleTileSchedule.Stop();
}
三、本地通知
通知分为本地通知和推送通知。我们可以通过本地通知实现本地消息和提醒功能。
1）本地消息和提醒
我们可以定义提醒和闹钟的功能，在应用退出以后，当计划的提醒时间达到时，提醒或者闹钟功能将自动别触发，其中闹钟的功能我们还可以自定义铃声。下面看看代码实现的过程。
[XAML] <Grid x:Name="ContentPanel" Grid.Row="1" Margin="12,0,12,0">
<ListBox x:Name="listbox1" Width="440" MaxHeight="420" Margin="10,44,0,150">
<ListBox.ItemTemplate>
<DataTemplate>
<Grid>
<StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal" Background="Blue" Width="440">
<TextBlock Width="120" Text="{Binding Title}" />
<TextBlock Text="{Binding BeginTime}" />
<TextBlock Text="{Binding RecurrenceType}" />
<TextBlock Text=" " />
<TextBlock Text="{Binding IsScheduled}" />
<TextBlock Text=" " />
<Button Margin="0" Tag="{Binding Name}" Click="deleteButton_Click" Content="X" BorderBrush="Red" Background="Red" Foreground="{StaticResource PhoneBackgroundBrush}" VerticalAlignment="Top" BorderThickness="0" Width="50" Padding="0,0,0,0"></Button>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</DataTemplate>
</ListBox.ItemTemplate>
<ListBox.ItemContainerStyle>
<Style TargetType="ListBoxItem">
<Setter Property="Margin" Value="5"/>
</Style>
</ListBox.ItemContainerStyle>
</ListBox>
<TextBlock HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,12,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Text="已注册的本地消息提醒：">
</TextBlock>
<TextBox x:Name="textbox1" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="72" Margin="10,555,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" Text="标题" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="125"/>
<RadioButton x:Name="radioButton1" IsChecked="True" GroupName="radioButtonGroup" Content="Reminder" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="135,532,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top"/>
<RadioButton x:Name="radioButton2" GroupName="radioButtonGroup" Content="Alarm" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="134,604,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top"/>
<Button Content="注册" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="328,569,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Click="Button_Click_1"/>
</Grid>
public partial class Page1 : PhoneApplicationPage
{
public Page1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
IEnumerable<ScheduledNotification> notifications;
protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
ListboxInit();
base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
}
private void ListboxInit()
{
//返回系统所有已注册的通知
notifications = ScheduledActionService.GetActions<ScheduledNotification>();
listbox1.ItemsSource = notifications;
}
//删除一个通知
private void deleteButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
string name = (string)((Button)sender).Tag;
ScheduledActionService.Remove(name);
ListboxInit();
}
//新增一个通知
private void Button_Click_1(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
String name = System.Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
if (radioButton1.IsChecked == true)
{
//名称，唯一标识
Reminder reminder = new Reminder(name);
//消息标题
reminder.Title = textbox1.Text;
reminder.Content = "这里是提醒的正文部分。";
//消息重现类型
reminder.RecurrenceType = RecurrenceInterval.Daily;
//开始时间
reminder.BeginTime = DateTime.Now + new TimeSpan(0, 0, 30);
//结束时间
reminder.ExpirationTime = DateTime.Now + new TimeSpan(0, 0, 45);
//从提醒启动应用程序时的启动URI
reminder.NavigationUri = new Uri("/Page2.xaml?a=test", UriKind.Relative);
//注册
ScheduledActionService.Add(reminder);
}
else
{
//可以自定义铃声的通知
Alarm alarm = new Alarm(name);
alarm.Content = "这里是闹钟的正文部分。";
//提醒时播放的文件
alarm.Sound = new Uri("/1.mp3", UriKind.Relative);
//消息重现类型
alarm.RecurrenceType = RecurrenceInterval.Daily;
//开始时间
alarm.BeginTime = DateTime.Now + new TimeSpan(0, 0, 30);
//结束时间
alarm.ExpirationTime = DateTime.Now + new TimeSpan(0, 1, 30);
//注册
ScheduledActionService.Add(alarm);
}
ListboxInit();
}
}
2）本地Toast
通过本地Toast可以在实现Toast消息弹出，但是当应用运行时则不会弹出，所以一般在后台计划中被调用。详细情况请见《Windows phone 8 学习笔记 多任务 后台代理》 。
四、推送通知
推送通知都需要借助于微软推送云服务器，因为一般来讲，应用退出以后是不会保留后台服务去等待接受消息的，这种做法比较费电。推送通知的做法是，当有消息推送过来的时候，由系统去统一完成消息的接收，用户选择性的去启动应用。
1. 推送通知的类型
推送通知主要有三种类型，如下：
1.磁贴通知：消息到达时，将会更新应用的默认图块，这样直观的现实当前应用有更新内容。
2.Toast推送通知：消息到达时，将会在屏幕上方弹出一个Toast提示，用户单击即可启动应用。
3.raw通知：这个通知在应用运行的前提下，提供灵活的消息处理，但是非允许状态下将无法接受消息。
2. 推送通知的实现
要实现推送通知，首先我们需要建立推送通道。在Windows phone 中建立推送通道，并且得到通道的URI。代码如下：
[C# Windows phone] //磁贴通知
private void TileInit()
{
//推送服务通道
HttpNotificationChannel pushChannel;
//通道名称
string channelName = "TileSampleChannel";
InitializeComponent();
//尝试发现是否已经创建
pushChannel = HttpNotificationChannel.Find(channelName);
var newChannel = false;
//没有发现，新建一个
if (pushChannel == null)
{
pushChannel = new HttpNotificationChannel(channelName);
newChannel = true;
}
//通知通道关联URI改变时：
pushChannel.ChannelUriUpdated += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelUriEventArgs>(PushChannel_ChannelUriUpdated);
//出错时：
pushChannel.ErrorOccurred += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelErrorEventArgs>(PushChannel_ErrorOccurred);
if (newChannel)
{
pushChannel.Open();
//将通知订阅绑定到默认图块
pushChannel.BindToShellTile();
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show(String.Format("通道URI： {0}", pushChannel.ChannelUri.ToString()));
}
}
//Toast通知
private void ToastInit()
{
//推送服务通道
HttpNotificationChannel pushChannel;
//通道名称
string channelName = "ToastSampleChannel";
InitializeComponent();
//尝试发现是否已经创建
pushChannel = HttpNotificationChannel.Find(channelName);
var newChannel = false;
//没有发现，新建一个
if (pushChannel == null)
{
pushChannel = new HttpNotificationChannel(channelName);
newChannel = true;
}
//通知通道关联URI改变时：
pushChannel.ChannelUriUpdated += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelUriEventArgs>(PushChannel_ChannelUriUpdated);
//出错时：
pushChannel.ErrorOccurred += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelErrorEventArgs>(PushChannel_ErrorOccurred);
//收到Toast消息时：（如果程序未启动则弹出Toast，否则触发该事件）
pushChannel.ShellToastNotificationReceived += new EventHandler<NotificationEventArgs>(PushChannel_ShellToastNotificationReceived);
if (newChannel)
{
pushChannel.Open();
//将通知订阅绑定到ShellToast
pushChannel.BindToShellToast();
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show(String.Format("通道URI： {0}", pushChannel.ChannelUri.ToString()));
}
}
//Row通知
private void RawInit()
{
//推送服务通道
HttpNotificationChannel pushChannel;
//通道名称
string channelName = "RawSampleChannel";
InitializeComponent();
//尝试发现是否已经创建
pushChannel = HttpNotificationChannel.Find(channelName);
var newChannel = false;
//没有发现，新建一个
if (pushChannel == null)
{
pushChannel = new HttpNotificationChannel(channelName);
newChannel = true;
}
//通知通道关联URI改变时：
pushChannel.ChannelUriUpdated += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelUriEventArgs>(PushChannel_ChannelUriUpdated);
//出错时：
pushChannel.ErrorOccurred += new EventHandler<NotificationChannelErrorEventArgs>(PushChannel_ErrorOccurred);
//收到Raw通知时：（只有应用运行时才触发本事件）
pushChannel.HttpNotificationReceived += new EventHandler<HttpNotificationEventArgs>(PushChannel_HttpNotificationReceived);
if (newChannel)
{
pushChannel.Open();
//这里并没有绑定操作
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show(String.Format("通道URI： {0}", pushChannel.ChannelUri.ToString()));
}
}
//URI更新时
void PushChannel_ChannelUriUpdated(object sender, NotificationChannelUriEventArgs e)
{
Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() =>
{
MessageBox.Show(String.Format("通道URI： {0}", e.ChannelUri.ToString()));
});
}
//遇到错误时
void PushChannel_ErrorOccurred(object sender, NotificationChannelErrorEventArgs e)
{
//处理错误
}
//收到Toast通知时
void PushChannel_ShellToastNotificationReceived(object sender, NotificationEventArgs e)
{
StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder();
string relativeUri = string.Empty;
message.AppendFormat("收到 Toast {0}:\n", DateTime.Now.ToShortTimeString());
foreach (string key in e.Collection.Keys)
{
message.AppendFormat("{0}: {1}\n", key, e.Collection[key]);
if (key.ToLower() == "wp:param") relativeUri = e.Collection[key];
}
Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() => MessageBox.Show(message.ToString()));
}
//收到Raw通知时：
void PushChannel_HttpNotificationReceived(object sender, HttpNotificationEventArgs e)
{
string message;
using (System.IO.StreamReader reader = new System.IO.StreamReader(e.Notification.Body))
{
message = reader.ReadToEnd();
}
Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(() =>
MessageBox.Show(String.Format("收到 Row {0}:\n{1}",
DateTime.Now.ToShortTimeString(), message))
);
}
得到推送URI后，我们需要一个web服务端，这个服务端就是我们用来向自己的应用发送推送消息的地方，如果web端用.net实现，那么实现方式如下：
[C# .Net] //发送磁贴消息
private void SendTile()
{
try
{
string subscriptionUri = TextBoxUri.Text.ToString();
HttpWebRequest httpWebRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(subscriptionUri);
httpWebRequest.Method = "POST";
string tileMessage = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>" +
"<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=\"WPNotification\">" +
"<wp:Tile>" +
"<wp:BackgroundImage>/Assets/Tiles/FlipCycleTileMedium.png</wp:BackgroundImage>" +
"<wp:Count>5</wp:Count>" +
"<wp:Title>标题</wp:Title>" +
"<wp:BackBackgroundImage></wp:BackBackgroundImage>" +
"<wp:BackTitle>背面标题</wp:BackTitle>" +
"<wp:BackContent>背面文本内容</wp:BackContent>" +
"</wp:Tile> " +
"</wp:Notification>";
byte[] notificationMessage = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(tileMessage);
httpWebRequest.ContentLength = notificationMessage.Length;
httpWebRequest.ContentType = "text/xml";
//X-WindowsPhone-Target设置为token
httpWebRequest.Headers.Add("X-WindowsPhone-Target", "token");
//Tile消息类型为 1
httpWebRequest.Headers.Add("X-NotificationClass", "1");
using (Stream requestStream = httpWebRequest.GetRequestStream())
{
requestStream.Write(notificationMessage, 0, notificationMessage.Length);
}
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)httpWebRequest.GetResponse();
string notificationStatus = response.Headers["X-NotificationStatus"];
string notificationChannelStatus = response.Headers["X-SubscriptionStatus"];
string deviceConnectionStatus = response.Headers["X-DeviceConnectionStatus"];
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
}
}
//发送Toast消息
private void SendToast()
{
try
{
//这个URI就是通道创建时由WP客户端获取到的，需要提交到服务端
string uri = TextBoxUri.Text.ToString();
HttpWebRequest httpWebRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(uri);
httpWebRequest.Method = "POST";
string toastMessage = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>" +
"<wp:Notification xmlns:wp=\"WPNotification\">" +
"<wp:Toast>" +
"<wp:Text1>标题</wp:Text1>" +
"<wp:Text2>内容部分</wp:Text2>" +
"<wp:Param>/Page2.xaml?NavigatedFrom=ToastNotification</wp:Param>" +
"</wp:Toast> " +
"</wp:Notification>";
byte[] notificationMessage = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(toastMessage);
//设置请求头
httpWebRequest.ContentLength = notificationMessage.Length;
httpWebRequest.ContentType = "text/xml";
//X-WindowsPhone-Target设置为toast
httpWebRequest.Headers.Add("X-WindowsPhone-Target", "toast");
//Toast消息类型为 2
httpWebRequest.Headers.Add("X-NotificationClass", "2");
using (Stream requestStream = httpWebRequest.GetRequestStream())
{
requestStream.Write(notificationMessage, 0, notificationMessage.Length);
}
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)httpWebRequest.GetResponse();
//获取相应头包含的状态信息
string notificationStatus = response.Headers["X-NotificationStatus"];
string notificationChannelStatus = response.Headers["X-SubscriptionStatus"];
string deviceConnectionStatus = response.Headers["X-DeviceConnectionStatus"];
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
}
}
//发送Raw消息
private void SendRaw()
{
try
{
string subscriptionUri = TextBoxUri.Text.ToString();
HttpWebRequest httpWebRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(subscriptionUri);
httpWebRequest.Method = "POST";
//这里的消息内容完全自定义，也可以为非xml
string rawMessage = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>" +
"<root>" +
"<Value1>a<Value1>" +
"<Value2>b<Value2>" +
"</root>";
byte[] notificationMessage = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(rawMessage);
httpWebRequest.ContentLength = notificationMessage.Length;
httpWebRequest.ContentType = "text/xml";
//没有 X-WindowsPhone-Target 头
//Raw消息类型为 3
httpWebRequest.Headers.Add("X-NotificationClass", "3");
using (Stream requestStream = httpWebRequest.GetRequestStream())
{
requestStream.Write(notificationMessage, 0, notificationMessage.Length);
}
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)httpWebRequest.GetResponse();
string notificationStatus = response.Headers["X-NotificationStatus"];
string notificationChannelStatus = response.Headers["X-SubscriptionStatus"];
string deviceConnectionStatus = response.Headers["X-DeviceConnectionStatus"];
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
}
}
作者：[
Lipan]
出处：[ http://www.cnblogs.com/lipan/]
版权声明：本文的版权归作者与博客园共有。转载时须注明原文出处以及作者，并保留原文指向型链接，不得更改原文内容。否则作者将保留追究其法律责任。
出处：[ http://www.cnblogs.com/lipan/]
版权声明：本文的版权归作者与博客园共有。转载时须注明原文出处以及作者，并保留原文指向型链接，不得更改原文内容。否则作者将保留追究其法律责任。