python 简单游戏制作

原文 http://forum.codecall.net/topic/50892-tic-tac-toe-in-python/

I will in this tutorial show how to make a Tic-Tac-Toe game in Python. It will include functions, lists, if statements, while loops, for loops, error handling etc.

We'll begin with creating  two functions , the first one will print out the Tic-Tac-Toe  board :

def print_board():
    for i in range(0,3):
        for j in range(0,3):
            print map[2-i][j],
            if j != 2:
                print "|",
        print ""

Here we uses two  for loops  to go through a list variable called map. This variable is a two dimensional  list which will hold the info about what's in each position. 

Since I (as you will see later) uses the position from the numpad the lowest numbers will come last (at the bottom) we have to inverse the first value ( 2-i ). Then we want to print a "|" as s separator between the squares we do so if  j != 2  so we don't get a separator at the end of each line. Then when the line is finished we prints "" just so we continue on a new line since we used the comma ("print map[2-i][j] , ") to stay on the same line.

So now this function could print a  board  looking something like these  examples :

|   |   
  |   |   
  |   |

X | X |   
O | X | O 
  | O | X

X | X | X 
X | X | X 
X | X | X

Then we have the  check_done()  function which we will use after each turn to see  if the game is over , if so we returns True and prints out a message.

def check_done():
    for i in range(0,3):
        if map[i][0] == map[i][1] == map[i][2] != " " \
        or map[0][i] == map[1][i] == map[2][i] != " ":
            print turn, "won!!!"
            return True
        
    if map[0][0] == map[1][1] == map[2][2] != " " \
    or map[0][2] == map[1][1] == map[2][0] != " ":
        print turn, "won!!!"
        return True

    if " " not in map[0] and " " not in map[1] and " " not in map[2]:
        print "Draw"
        return True
        

    return False

First we check if all 3 squares in all  horizontal  and  vertical  lines are the same and not " ". This is so it won't think an completely empty line is a line with 3 in a row. Then it checks the two  diagonally  lines in the same way. If at least one of these 8 lines are a winning line we will print out turn, "won!!!" and also return the value True. the turn variable will hold which player who's in turn so the message will be either "X won!!!" or "O won!!!".

Then we check if none of the squares still has the value " ". If it's so it means all squares are filled and that nobody have won(since we already have tested if anyone won) so therefor the program prints out " Draw " and then returns True since the game is over. 

If none of this happens the function should return False since the game is not over yet.





Now we're done with the two functions and may therefor start with the "real" program. Firstly we have to create 3 variables:

turn = "X"
map = [[" "," "," "],
       [" "," "," "],
       [" "," "," "]]
done = False

I have already told you what these 3 does, but If you have forgot: 

• turn is whose turn it is.
• map is the board
• done is if we're done or not

.





And now, write this:

while done != True:
    print_board()
    
    print turn, "'s turn"
    print

    moved = False
    while moved != True:

So here we have a  while loop  which will continue to loop until done is equal to True. As long as done = False the program will loop one more time when the users have made a move. The we prints out whose turn it is and then creates a variable called moved. The next loop is used to see if the player did a move or not, if it didn't come back here to prompt the user to try again.




Then we just prints  how the players should do to play :

print "Please select position by typing in a number between 1 and 9, see below for which number that is which position..."
        print "7|8|9"
        print "4|5|6"
        print "1|2|3"
        print

Then...

try:
            pos = input("Select: ")
            if pos <=9 and pos >=1:

We want the user to select the number and then we check if it's between 1 and 9. But we also adds an error handling so the program won't quit just because an error occurs when the user types a non-number (Like "Hello").






Now we need to check if this  move is possible :

Y = pos/3
                X = pos%3
                if X != 0:
                    X -=1
                else:
                     X = 2
                     Y -=1
                    
                if map[Y][X] == " ":

First we gets a  X value  and a  Y value  and then use them to check if the square the user wants to use is empty, I will now show you how the calculation of X and Y works.


[TABLE]If we entered:|X calculation:|X =| Y calculation:| Y =
1 |Reminder of 1/3 = 1, 1-1 = 0| 0 |1/3 = 0| 0
2 |Reminder of 2/3 = 2, 2-1 = 1| 1 |2/3 = 0| 0
3 |Reminder of 3/3 = 0, X=0 -> X=2| 2 |3/3 = 1, X=0 -> Y = Y-1=0| 0
4 |Reminder of 4/3 = 1, 1-1 = 0| 0 |4/3 = 1| 1
5 |Reminder of 5/3 = 2, 2-1 = 1| 1 |5/3 = 1| 1
6 |Reminder of 6/3 = 0, X=0 -> X=2| 2 |6/3 = 2, X=0 -> Y = Y-1=1| 1
7 |Reminder of 7/3 = 1, 1-1 = 0| 0 |7/3 = 2| 2
8 |Reminder of 8/3 = 2, 2-1 = 1| 1 |8/3 = 2| 2
9 |Reminder of 9/3 = 0, X=0 -> X=2| 2 |9/3 = 3, X=0 -> Y = Y-1=2| 2
[/TABLE]


So with the calculations of X and Y we get the position of the square like this:

[TABLE]| X=0 | X=1 | X=2
Y=2 |7|8|9
Y=1 |4|5|6
Y=0 |1|2|3
[/TABLE]


...which  is exactly the same  as the instruction we typed earlier:

print "7|8|9"
        print "4|5|6"
        print "1|2|3"

Now we have done most of it but we have some lines left:

map[Y][X] = turn
                    moved = True
                    done = check_done()

                    if done == False:
                        if turn == "X":
                            turn = "O"
                        else:
                            turn = "X"
                
            
        except:
            print "You need to add a numeric value"

So we store the current users "name" at the right position (with the X and Y values), set move to True, check if we're done and stores that in done. If the game isn't over, change who's next to move and then we have two lines to print an error message if the try block failed in some way.




That was pretty much it , here comes the whole code if you just want to  copy-paste it all , hope you learned something. Bye 

def print_board():
    for i in range(0,3):
        for j in range(0,3):
            print map[2-i][j],
            if j != 2:
                print "|",
        print ""


def check_done():
    for i in range(0,3):
        if map[i][0] == map[i][1] == map[i][2] != " " \
        or map[0][i] == map[1][i] == map[2][i] != " ":
            print turn, "won!!!"
            return True
        
    if map[0][0] == map[1][1] == map[2][2] != " " \
    or map[0][2] == map[1][1] == map[2][0] != " ":
        print turn, "won!!!"
        return True

    if " " not in map[0] and " " not in map[1] and " " not in map[2]:
        print "Draw"
        return True
        

    return False





turn = "X"
map = [[" "," "," "],
       [" "," "," "],
       [" "," "," "]]
done = False


while done != True:
    print_board()
    
    print turn, "'s turn"
    print

    moved = False
    while moved != True:
        print "Please select position by typing in a number between 1 and 9, see below for which number that is which position..."
        print "7|8|9"
        print "4|5|6"
        print "1|2|3"
        print

        try:
            pos = input("Select: ")
            if pos <=9 and pos >=1:
                Y = pos/3
                X = pos%3
                if X != 0:
                    X -=1
                else:
                     X = 2
                     Y -=1
                    
                if map[Y][X] == " ":
                    map[Y][X] = turn
                    moved = True
                    done = check_done()

                    if done == False:
                        if turn == "X":
                            turn = "O"
                        else:
                            turn = "X"
                
            
        except:
            print "You need to add a numeric value"