快速幂及其取余

快速幂

快速幂的作用:快速计算底数的n次幂。
时间复杂度为:O(log₂N) (朴素方法为O(N)

原理

以下以求a的b次方来介绍
把b转换成二进制数
该二进制数第i位的权为 2i1 2 i − 1
例:
   a11=a20+21+23 a 11 = a 2 0 + 2 1 + 2 3
11的二进制是1011
11=23×1+22×0+21×1+20×1 11 = 2 3 × 1 + 2 2 × 0 + 2 1 × 1 + 2 0 × 1
因此,我们将 a11 a 11 转化为算 a20×a21×a23 a 2 0 × a 2 1 × a 2 3

代码

递归版

int powf(int a, int b){
    if(b == 1)
        return a;
    int t = powf(a, b/2);
    return (b%2 == 0 ? 1 : a)*t*t;
}

循环版

int pow0(int a, int b){
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while(b != 0){
        if(b%2)
            r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b /= 2;
    }
    return r;
}
//常规求幂
int pow1(int a, int b){
    int r = 1;
    while(b--)
        r *= a;
    return r;
}

//快速求幂(位运算)
int pow2(int a, int b){
    if(b == 0)
        return 1;
    else {
        while((b&1) == 0){
            b >>= 1;
            a *= a;
        }
    }
    int r = a;
    b >>= 1;
    while(b != 0){
        a *= a;
        if(b & 1)
            r *= a;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

//快速求幂(位运算,简洁版)
int pow3(int a, int b){
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while(b){
        if(b & 1)
            r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

测试

#include 
//a^b
int powf(int a, int b){
    if(b == 1)
        return a;
    int t = powf(a, b/2);
    return (b%2 == 0 ? 1 : a)*t*t;
}
int pow0(int a, int b){
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while(b != 0){
        if(b%2)
        r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b /= 2;
    }
    return r;
}
//常规求幂
int pow1(int a, int b){
    int r = 1;
    while(b--)
        r *= a;
    return r;
}
//快速求幂(位运算)
int pow2(int a, int b){
    if(b == 0)
        return 1;
    else {
        while((b&1) == 0){
            b >>= 1;
            a *= a;
        }
    }
    int r = a;
    b >>= 1;
    while(b != 0){
        a *= a;
        if(b & 1)
            r *= a;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}
//快速求幂(位运算,简洁版)
int pow3(int a, int b){
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while(b){
        if(b & 1)
            r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

int main(void)
{
    int a, b;
    scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);
    printf("递归版:\n");
    printf("%d^%d = %d\n\n", a, b, powf(a, b));
    printf("循环版:\n");
    printf("%d^%d = %d\n\n", a, b, pow0(a, b));
    printf("常规求幂:\n");
    printf("%d^%d = %d\n\n", a, b, pow1(a, b));
    printf("位运算1:\n");
    printf("%d^%d = %d\n\n", a, b, pow2(a, b));
    printf("位运算2:\n");
    printf("%d^%d = %d\n\n", a, b, pow3(a, b));
    return 0;
}

快速幂取余

首先要证明一个公式:a*b%m = [( [ ( a%m )( ) ∗ ( b%m )] ) ] %m
a=a1m+a2 a = a 1 ∗ m + a 2
b=b1m+b2 b = b 1 ∗ m + b 2
a*b%m = a2b2 a 2 ∗ b 2 %m = [( [ ( a%m )( ) ∗ ( b%m )] ) ] %m
进而
ab a b %m = [( [ ( a%m )b] ) b ] %m = [( [ ( a%m )( ) ∗ ( a%m )b1] ) b − 1 ] %m = { ( ( a%m )[( ) ∗ [ ( a%m )b1 ) b − 1 %m ] ] }%m

代码

#include 
long long powMod(long long a, long long b, long long mod)
{
    long long ans = 1;
    a %= mod;
    while(b){
        if(b&1)
            ans = ans*a%mod;
        a = a*a%mod;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return ans;
}
int main(void)
{
    int a, b, mod;
    scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &mod);
    printf("%d^%d%%%d = %lld\n\n", a, b, mod, powMod(a, b, mod));
    return 0;
}

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