ping是基于ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)协议实现的,而ICMP协议是在IP层实现的。
ping实际上是发起者发送一个Echo Request(type = 8)的,远程主机回应一个Echo Reply(type = 0)的过程。
刚开始接触网络的时候,可能很多人都有疑问,怎么用ping来测试远程主机的某个特定端口?
其实如果看下ICMP协议,就可以发现ICMP里根本没有端口这个概念,也就根本无法实现测试某一个端口了。
ICMP协议的包格式(来自wiki):
Bits 0–7 | Bits 8–15 | Bits 16–23 | Bits 24–31 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
IP Header (20 bytes) |
Version/IHL | Type of service | Length | |
Identification | flags and offset | |||
Time To Live (TTL) | Protocol | Checksum | ||
Source IP address | ||||
Destination IP address | ||||
ICMP Header (8 bytes) |
Type of message | Code | Checksum | |
Header Data | ||||
ICMP Payload (optional) |
Payload Data |
00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type = 8 | Code = 0 | Header Checksum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Identifier | Sequence Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data |
在ping命令的输出上,可以看到有显示请求的耗时,那么这个耗时是怎么得到的呢?
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.28 ms
从Echo Request的格式里,看到不时间相关的东东,但是因为是Echo,即远程主机会原样返回Data数据,所以Ping的发起方把时间放到了Data数据里,当得到Echo Reply里,取到发送时间,再和当前时间比较,就可以得到耗时了。当然,还有其它的思路,比如记录每一个包的发送时间,当得到返回时,再计算得到时间差,但显然这样的实现太复杂了。
我们都知道本机IP,远程IP,本机端口,远程端口,四个元素才可以确定唯的一个信道。而ICMP里没有端口,那么一个ping程序如何知道哪些包才是发给自己的?或者说操作系统如何区别哪个Echo Reply是要发给哪个进程的?
实际上操作系统不能区别,所有的本机IP,远程IP相同的ICMP程序都可以接收到同一份数据。
程序自己要根据Identifier来区分到底一个ICMP包是不是发给自己的。在Linux下,Ping发出去的Echo Request包里Identifier就是进程pid,远程主机会返回一个Identifier相同的Echo Reply包。
可以接下面的方法简单验证:
启动系统自带的ping程序,查看其pid。
设定自己实现的ping程序的identifier为上面得到的pid,然后发Echo Request包。
可以发现系统ping程序会接收到远程主机的回应。
自己实现ping要用到rawsocket,在linux下需要root权限。网上有很多实现的程序,但是有很多地方不太对的。自己总结实现了一个(最好用g++编绎):
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
unsigned short csum(unsigned short *ptr, int nbytes) {
register long sum;
unsigned short oddbyte;
register short answer;
sum = 0;
while (nbytes > 1) {
sum += *ptr++;
nbytes -= 2;
}
if (nbytes == 1) {
oddbyte = 0;
*((u_char*) &oddbyte) = *(u_char*) ptr;
sum += oddbyte;
}
sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xffff);
sum = sum + (sum >> 16);
answer = (short) ~sum;
return (answer);
}
inline double countMs(timeval before, timeval after){
return (after.tv_sec - before.tv_sec)*1000 + (after.tv_usec - before.tv_usec)/1000.0;
}
#pragma pack(1)
struct EchoPacket {
u_int8_t type;
u_int8_t code;
u_int16_t checksum;
u_int16_t identifier;
u_int16_t sequence;
timeval timestamp;
char data[40]; //sizeof(EchoPacket) == 64
};
#pragma pack()
void ping(in_addr_t source, in_addr_t destination) {
static int sequence = 1;
static int pid = getpid();
static int ipId = 0;
char sendBuf[sizeof(iphdr) + sizeof(EchoPacket)] = { 0 };
struct iphdr* ipHeader = (iphdr*)sendBuf;
ipHeader->version = 4;
ipHeader->ihl = 5;
ipHeader->tos = 0;
ipHeader->tot_len = htons(sizeof(sendBuf));
ipHeader->id = htons(ipId++);
ipHeader->frag_off = htons(0x4000); //set Flags: don't fragment
ipHeader->ttl = 64;
ipHeader->protocol = IPPROTO_ICMP;
ipHeader->check = 0;
ipHeader->saddr = source;
ipHeader->daddr = destination;
ipHeader->check = csum((unsigned short*)ipHeader, ipHeader->ihl * 2);
EchoPacket* echoRequest = (EchoPacket*)(sendBuf + sizeof(iphdr));
echoRequest->type = 8;
echoRequest->code = 0;
echoRequest->checksum = 0;
echoRequest->identifier = htons(pid);
echoRequest->sequence = htons(sequence++);
gettimeofday(&(echoRequest->timestamp), NULL);
u_int16_t ccsum = csum((unsigned short*)echoRequest, sizeof(sendBuf) - sizeof(iphdr));
echoRequest->checksum = ccsum;
struct sockaddr_in sin;
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons(0);
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = destination;
int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
if (s == -1) {
perror("socket");
return;
}
//IP_HDRINCL to tell the kernel that headers are included in the packet
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, "1",sizeof("1")) < 0) {
perror("Error setting IP_HDRINCL");
exit(0);
}
sendto(s, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf), 0, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin));
char responseBuf[sizeof(iphdr) + sizeof(EchoPacket)] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in receiveAddress;
socklen_t len = sizeof(receiveAddress);
int reveiveSize = recvfrom(s, (void*)responseBuf, sizeof(responseBuf), 0, (struct sockaddr *) &receiveAddress, &len);
if(reveiveSize == sizeof(responseBuf)){
EchoPacket* echoResponse = (EchoPacket*) (responseBuf + sizeof(iphdr));
//TODO check identifier == pid ?
if(echoResponse->type == 0){
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
in_addr tempAddr;
tempAddr.s_addr = destination;
printf("%d bytes from %s : icmp_seq=%d ttl=%d time=%.2f ms\n",
sizeof(EchoPacket),
inet_ntoa(tempAddr),
ntohs(echoResponse->sequence),
((iphdr*)responseBuf)->ttl,
countMs(echoResponse->timestamp, tv));
}else{
printf("response error, type:%d\n", echoResponse->type);
}
}else{
printf("error, response size != request size.\n");
}
close(s);
}
int main(void) {
in_addr_t source = inet_addr("192.168.1.100");
in_addr_t destination = inet_addr("192.168.1.1");
for(;;){
ping(source, destination);
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
死亡之Ping http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%B9%8BPing
尽管是很老的漏洞,但是也可以看出协议栈的实现也不是那么的靠谱。
Ping flood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_flood
服务器关闭ping服务,默认是0,是开启:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
在自己实现的过程中,发现有一些蛋疼的地方,如
协议文档不够清晰,得反复对照;
有时候一个小地方处理不对,很难查bug,即使程序能正常工作,但也并不代表它是正确的;
用wireshark可以很方便验证自己写的程序有没有问题。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMP_Destination_Unreachable
http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc792.pdf