手写sql语句顺序:
select distinct
<select _list>
from
<left_table>
join <right_table> on <join_codition>
where
<where_condition>
group by
<group_by_list>
having
<having_condition>
order by
<order_by_condition>
limit <limit number>
机读顺序:
from 表
on join
where 条件
group by 分组
having 子条件
select 查询的字段
distinct 去掉重复
order by 排序
limit 打印的行数
• CPU:CPU在饱和的时候一般发生在数据装入内存或从磁盘读取数据的时候
• IO:磁盘I/O瓶颈发生在装入数据远大于内存容量的时候
• 服务器硬件的性能瓶颈
使用explain关键字可以模拟优化器执行SQL查询语句,从而知道MySQL是如何处理你的SQL语句的。
• 表的读取顺序
• 数据读取操作的操作类型
• 那些索引可以使用
• 那些索引被实际使用
• 表之间的引用
• 每张表有多少行被优化器查询
explain + SQL语句 如下:
explain select & from 表 ;
varchr(24)变长字段且允许NULL
24*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)+2(变长字段)
varchr(10)变长字段且不允许NULL
10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+2(变长字段)
char(10)固定字段且允许NULL
10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)
char(10)固定字段且不允许NULL
10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)
是MySQL提供可以用来分析当前会话中语句执行的资源消耗情况,可以用于SQL的调优的测量
默认情况下,参数处于关闭状态,并保持最近15次的运行结果。
show variables like 'profiling';
默认是关闭的,需要手动开启
set proling=on; 开启
测试:先随意输入几条查询语句
show tables;
select * from qi;
select * from mylock;
select * from mylock order by id;
select * from mylock order by id,name desc;
select * from mylock order by id,id desc;
select * from mylock order by id desc;
show profiling;
show profiles;-- 使用查询命令
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration | Query |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1 | 0.00079400 | show tables |
| 2 | 0.00360300 | select * from goood |
| 3 | 0.49156100 | select * from test |
| 4 | 0.00062425 | show tables |
| 5 | 0.00231325 | select * from qi |
| 6 | 0.00128150 | select * from mylock |
| 7 | 0.00053550 | select * from mylock order by id |
| 8 | 0.00043200 | select * from mylock order by id,name desc |
| 9 | 0.00020150 | select * from mylock order by id,id desc |
| 10 | 0.00053800 | select * from mylock order by id desc |
| 11 | 0.00013675 | show profiling |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------+
-- 单独查询具体的某一条数据耗时
show profile for query 3; -- 3代表查询的id是第三条
+----------------------+----------+
| Status | Duration |
+----------------------+----------+
| starting | 0.000067 |
| checking permissions | 0.000008 |
| Opening tables | 0.000020 |
| init | 0.000016 |
| System lock | 0.000023 |
| optimizing | 0.000004 |
| statistics | 0.000015 |
| preparing | 0.000010 |
| Sorting result | 0.000003 |
| executing | 0.000001 |
| Sending data | 0.000037 |
| end | 0.000003 |
| query end | 0.000006 |
| closing tables | 0.000005 |
| freeing items | 0.000037 |
| cleaning up | 0.000009 |
+----------------------+----------+
16 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
1. all 显示所有的开销信息
2. block io 显示块IO相关开销
3. cpu 显示CPU相关开销信息
4. ipc 显示发送和接收相关开销信息
5. memory 显示内存相关开销信息
6. page faults 显示页面错误相关开销信息
-- 查询cpu,IO,内存相关信息
show profile cpu,block io,memory for query 23;
converting HEAP to MyISAM查询结果太大,内存都不够用了往磁盘上搬
Creating tmp table 创建临时表
Copying to tmp table on disk 把内存中临时表复制到磁盘,危险
locked
开启命令
set global general_log = 1;
将SQL语句写到表中
set global log_output = ‘TABLE’;
你所编写的SQL语句,会记录到MySQL库里的genral_log表
select * from mysql.general_log;
建表测试:
CREATE TABLE `test_trace` (
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`a` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`create_time` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '记录创建时间',
`update_time` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '记录更新时间',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_a` (`a`),
KEY `idx_b` (`b`)
) ENGINE=INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
select * from test_trace where a >900 and b > 910 order by a;
set session optimizer_trace="enabled=on",end_markers_in_json=on;
• optimizer_trace=“enabled=on” 表示开启trace
• end_markers_in_json=on 表示 JSON 输出开启结束标记
SELECT * FROM information_schema.OPTIMIZER_TRACE\G
QUERY: select * from t1 where a >900 and b > 910 order by a --SQL语句
TRACE: {
"steps": [
{
"join_preparation": {
--SQL准备阶段
"select#": 1,
"steps": [
{
"expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `t1`.`id` AS `id`,`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`t1`.`b` AS `b`,`t1`.`create_time` AS `create_time`,`t1`.`update_time` AS `update_time` from `t1` where ((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910)) order by `t1`.`a`"
}
] /* steps */
} /* join_preparation */
},
{
"join_optimization": {
--SQL优化阶段
"select#": 1,
"steps": [
{
"condition_processing": {
--条件处理
"condition": "WHERE",
"original_condition": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))", --原始条件
"steps": [
{
"transformation": "equality_propagation",
"resulting_condition": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))" --等值传递转换
},
{
"transformation": "constant_propagation",
"resulting_condition": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))" --常量传递转换
},
{
"transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
"resulting_condition": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))" --去除没有的条件后的结构
}
] /* steps */
} /* condition_processing */
},
{
"substitute_generated_columns": {
} /* substitute_generated_columns */ --替换虚拟生成列
},
{
"table_dependencies": [ --表依赖详情
{
"table": "`t1`",
"row_may_be_null": false,
"map_bit": 0,
"depends_on_map_bits": [
] /* depends_on_map_bits */
}
] /* table_dependencies */
},
{
"ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */
},
{
"rows_estimation": [ --预估表的访问成本
{
"table": "`t1`",
"range_analysis": {
"table_scan": {
"rows": 1000, --扫描行数
"cost": 207.1 --成本
} /* table_scan */,
"potential_range_indexes": [ --分析可能使用的索引
{
"index": "PRIMARY",
"usable": false, --为false,说明主键索引不可用
"cause": "not_applicable"
},
{
"index": "idx_a", --可能使用索引idx_a
"usable": true,
"key_parts": [
"a",
"id"
] /* key_parts */
},
{
"index": "idx_b", --可能使用索引idx_b
"usable": true,
"key_parts": [
"b",
"id"
] /* key_parts */
}
] /* potential_range_indexes */,
"setup_range_conditions": [
] /* setup_range_conditions */,
"group_index_range": {
"chosen": false,
"cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
} /* group_index_range */,
"analyzing_range_alternatives": {
--分析各索引的成本
"range_scan_alternatives": [
{
"index": "idx_a", --使用索引idx_a的成本
"ranges": [
"900 < a" --使用索引idx_a的范围
] /* ranges */,
"index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true, --是否使用index dive(详细描述请看下方的知识扩展)
"rowid_ordered": false, --使用该索引获取的记录是否按照主键排序
"using_mrr": false, --是否使用mrr
"index_only": false, --是否使用覆盖索引
"rows": 100, --使用该索引获取的记录数
"cost": 121.01, --使用该索引的成本
"chosen": true --可能选择该索引
},
{
"index": "idx_b", --使用索引idx_b的成本
"ranges": [
"910 < b"
] /* ranges */,
"index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
"rowid_ordered": false,
"using_mrr": false,
"index_only": false,
"rows": 90,
"cost": 109.01,
"chosen": true --也可能选择该索引
}
] /* range_scan_alternatives */,
"analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
--分析使用索引合并的成本
"usable": false,
"cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
} /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */
} /* analyzing_range_alternatives */,
"chosen_range_access_summary": {
--确认最优方法
"range_access_plan": {
"type": "range_scan",
"index": "idx_b",
"rows": 90,
"ranges": [
"910 < b"
] /* ranges */
} /* range_access_plan */,
"rows_for_plan": 90,
"cost_for_plan": 109.01,
"chosen": true
} /* chosen_range_access_summary */
} /* range_analysis */
}
] /* rows_estimation */
},
{
"considered_execution_plans": [ --考虑的执行计划
{
"plan_prefix": [
] /* plan_prefix */,
"table": "`t1`",
"best_access_path": {
--最优的访问路径
"considered_access_paths": [ --决定的访问路径
{
"rows_to_scan": 90, --扫描的行数
"access_type": "range", --访问类型:为range
"range_details": {
"used_index": "idx_b" --使用的索引为:idx_b
} /* range_details */,
"resulting_rows": 90, --结果行数
"cost": 127.01, --成本
"chosen": true, --确定选择
"use_tmp_table": true
}
] /* considered_access_paths */
} /* best_access_path */,
"condition_filtering_pct": 100,
"rows_for_plan": 90,
"cost_for_plan": 127.01,
"sort_cost": 90,
"new_cost_for_plan": 217.01,
"chosen": true
}
] /* considered_execution_plans */
},
{
"attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
--尝试添加一些其他的查询条件
"original_condition": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))",
"attached_conditions_computation": [
] /* attached_conditions_computation */,
"attached_conditions_summary": [
{
"table": "`t1`",
"attached": "((`t1`.`a` > 900) and (`t1`.`b` > 910))"
}
] /* attached_conditions_summary */
} /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */
},
{
"clause_processing": {
"clause": "ORDER BY",
"original_clause": "`t1`.`a`",
"items": [
{
"item": "`t1`.`a`"
}
] /* items */,
"resulting_clause_is_simple": true,
"resulting_clause": "`t1`.`a`"
} /* clause_processing */
},
{
"reconsidering_access_paths_for_index_ordering": {
"clause": "ORDER BY",
"index_order_summary": {
"table": "`t1`",
"index_provides_order": false,
"order_direction": "undefined",
"index": "idx_b",
"plan_changed": false
} /* index_order_summary */
} /* reconsidering_access_paths_for_index_ordering */
},
{
"refine_plan": [ --改进的执行计划
{
"table": "`t1`",
"pushed_index_condition": "(`t1`.`b` > 910)",
"table_condition_attached": "(`t1`.`a` > 900)"
}
] /* refine_plan */
}
] /* steps */
} /* join_optimization */
},
{
"join_execution": {
--SQL执行阶段
"select#": 1,
"steps": [
{
"filesort_information": [
{
"direction": "asc",
"table": "`t1`",
"field": "a"
}
] /* filesort_information */,
"filesort_priority_queue_optimization": {
"usable": false, --未使用优先队列优化排序
"cause": "not applicable (no LIMIT)" --未使用优先队列排序的原因是没有limit
} /* filesort_priority_queue_optimization */,
"filesort_execution": [
] /* filesort_execution */,
"filesort_summary": {
--排序详情
"rows": 90,
"examined_rows": 90, --参与排序的行数
"number_of_tmp_files": 0, --排序过程中使用的临时文件数
"sort_buffer_size": 115056,
"sort_mode": "" --排序模式(详解请看下方知识扩展)
} /* filesort_summary */
}
] /* steps */
} /* join_execution */
}
] /* steps */
}
MISSING_BYTES_BEYOND_MAX_MEM_SIZE: 0 --该字段表示分析过程丢弃的文本字节大小,本例为0,说明没丢弃任何文本
INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES: 0 --查看trace的权限是否不足,0表示有权限查看trace详情
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
关闭trace
set session optimizer_trace="enabled=off";
TRACE 字段中整个文本大致分为三个过程:
• 准备阶段:对应文本中的 join_preparation
• 优化阶段:对应文本中的 join_optimization
• 执行阶段:对应文本中的 join_execution
使用时,重点关注优化阶段和执行阶段。
在 trace 结果的 analyzing_range_alternatives 这一项可以看到:使用索引 idx_a 的成本为 121.01,使用索引 idx_b 的成本为 109.01,显然使用索引 idx_b 的成本要低些,因此优化器选择了 idx_b 索引;
总结
• explain:获取 MySQL 中 SQL 语句的执行计划,比如语句是否使用了关联查询、是否使用了索引、扫描行数等;
• trace:查看优化器如何选择执行计划,获取每个可能的索引选择的代价。