原文发表在http://l4j.cc/2019/04/21/oralce-access-path-introduce/
本文梳理、归纳了在之前工作中常见的一些执行计划。了解ORACLE中有哪些可能的执行计划,以及什么情况下适合哪种执行计划是进行SQL优化的基础。
全表扫描首先会读取表中的所有行,然后过滤掉不满足条件的数据。全表扫描时,数据库会以此读取HWM下的所有格式化了的数据块,此时数据库通常会做multiblock read来提高性能,单次读取的数据块由DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT
参数指定。
以下情况会做全表扫描:
下面是一个做全表扫描的列子,其执行计划的关键字为’TABLE ACCESS FULL’:
SQL> select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where owner='AUDSYS';
OWNER TABLE_NAME
-------------------- ------------------------------
AUDSYS AUD$UNIFIED
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where owner='AUDSYS'
Plan hash value: 1475094007
-------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_TABLE_LIST |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ROWID是数据在数据库中存储位置的内部表示,它是用来定位单个行最快的方式。通常数据库通过索引检索数据行或者指定rowid查询的时候会使用这种访问方式。
SQL> select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$';
OWNER TABLE_NAME
-------------------- ------------------------------
SYS ACCESS$
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where
TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$'
Plan hash value: 3473397811
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED
表示数据库通过索引中得到的rowid来检索数据,BATCHED
的访问方式,表示数据库会从索引中检索一批ROWID,然后按块顺序访问行,减少访问数据块的次数来提升性能。这是ORACLE 12C的一个新特性。在11g中上面的执行计划表示为TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID
。
这是抽样检索数据的数据访问方式。使用SAMPLE关键字对表中数据进行抽样的时候会使用该执行计划,在执行计划中表现为TABLE ACCESS SAMPLE
关键字。它有以下两种形式:
sample_percent的百分比在[0.000001,100) 范围内。
只有通过CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
创建唯一索引,并且在查询的时候谓词条件为等于的时候才会以该方式访问数据。唯一约束(unique和primary key),但是创建的非唯一索引是不足以让查询走Index Unique Scan的。在执行计划中的关键字是INDEX UNIQUE SCAN
。
SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX TEST_ENV.IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_SID ON TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST(SID);
索引已创建。
SQL> SELECT SID,OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST WHERE SID='58223719640640AB8C603BC1B15D5C51';
SID OWNER TABLE_NAME
------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------
58223719640640AB8C603BC1B15D5C51 SYS ACCESS$
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
SELECT SID,OWNER,TABLE_NAME FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST WHERE
SID='58223719640640AB8C603BC1B15D5C51'
Plan hash value: 3115192837
-------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_SID |
-------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 15 行。
通过该索引字段查询结果可能返回多个值的时候,例如>, <, and以及对非唯一索引的=,就会以该方式访问数据,表现在执行计划上就是INDEX RANGE SCAN
关键字。
SQL> select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$';
OWNER TABLE_NAME
-------------------- ------------------------------
SYS ACCESS$
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where
TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$'
Plan hash value: 3473397811
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
索引全扫描会有序的读取整个索引,由于索引是有序的,所以它会消除额外的排序操作。 以下情况会优化器会考虑执行索引全扫描:
SQL> select table_name from test_env.tb_table_list order by table_name;
......
TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
XSTREAM$_SERVER_CONNECTION
XSTREAM$_SUBSET_RULES
XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS
_default_auditing_options_
已选择 2138 行。
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select table_name from test_env.tb_table_list order by table_name
Plan hash value: 2901892796
-----------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | INDEX FULL SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
当查询的列仅仅包含索引列,且不需要排序的时候,优化器会考虑该访问方式,它会以磁盘存储位置来读取,不会保证数据的有序性。
SQL> select table_name from test_env.tb_table_list;
TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
XSTREAM$_SERVER_CONNECTION
XSTREAM$_SUBSET_RULES
XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS
_default_auditing_options_
已选择 2138 行。
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select table_name from test_env.tb_table_list
Plan hash value: 3670592075
---------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
在复合索引中未使用前导列的情况,并且前导列只存在很少的distinct value。其在执行计划中表现为INDEX SKIP SCAN
。
SQL> create index test_env.idx_tb_table_list_mul on test_env.tb_table_list(owner,table_name);
索引已创建。
SQL> select /*+ index(t idx_tb_table_list_mul) */sid,owner,table_name,status from test_env.tb_table_list t where table_name='ACCESS$';
SID OWNER TABLE_NAME STATUS
------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------ --------
58223719640640AB8C603BC1B15D5C51 SYS ACCESS$ VALID
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select /*+ index(t idx_tb_table_list_mul) */sid,owner,table_name,status
from test_env.tb_table_list t where table_name='ACCESS$'
Plan hash value: 124701251
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | INDEX SKIP SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_MUL |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
对同一个表,多个索引的hash join。当查询结果都是索引中的列,并且存在于不同索引中时会考虑使用该数据访问方式,但是如果访问表的效率更高则会根据rowid去访问表。
Index join的成本是非常的,绝大多数情况下是不会出现这种情况,通过索引去探测表通常成本更低。
SQL> select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where ini_trans>=4;
OWNER TABLE_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------
MDSYS SDO_DIST_METADATA_TABLE
SYS AW$AWCREATE
SYS AW$AWCREATE10G
SYS AW$AWMD
SYS AW$AWREPORT
SYS AW$AWXML
SYS AW$EXPRESS
SYS AW_OBJ$
SYS AW_PROP$
SYS OBJECT_USAGE
SYS PS$
OWNER TABLE_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------
SYS STREAMS$_APPLY_PROGRESS
已选择 12 行。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name from test_env.tb_table_list where ini_trans>=4
Plan hash value: 832528447
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | VIEW | index$_join$_001 |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 | HASH JOIN | |
| 3 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS| |
| 4 | BITMAP INDEX RANGE SCAN | BIDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_INITRANS |
| 5 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN | IDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_MUL |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 17 行。
传统的B-tree索引,一条索引对应一条数据。Bitmap的一个索引的键值通常对应一批rowid。
Bitmap索引适用于拥有较低distinct基数并且不经常修改的数据。Bitmap索引不适用于经常进行DML操作的列,因为一个index key指向很多数据行,当对一个索引的列进行修改时,会锁住整个索引条目以及对应的数据行。 还需要注意的一点就是Bitmap索引列是可以包含空值的。
只要从位图索引中检索行,就会用到该访问方式,进行数据行与bitmap之间的转换。
SQL> select owner,table_name,status,ini_trans from test_env.tb_table_list where ini_trans>=4;
OWNER TABLE_NAME STATUS INI_TRANS
--------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
SYS PS$ VALID 4
SYS AW_OBJ$ VALID 4
SYS AW_PROP$ VALID 4
SYS AW$EXPRESS VALID 4
SYS AW$AWMD VALID 4
SYS AW$AWCREATE VALID 4
SYS AW$AWCREATE10G VALID 4
SYS AW$AWXML VALID 4
SYS AW$AWREPORT VALID 4
SYS OBJECT_USAGE VALID 30
SYS STREAMS$_APPLY_PROGRESS VALID 120
OWNER TABLE_NAME STATUS INI_TRANS
--------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
MDSYS SDO_DIST_METADATA_TABLE VALID 255
已选择 12 行。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name,status,ini_trans from test_env.tb_table_list
where ini_trans>=4
Plan hash value: 3195249317
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | |
| 3 | BITMAP INDEX RANGE SCAN | BIDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_INITRANS |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 16 行。
使用bitmap索引的单个键值来查询数据的时候会走该访问方式,在执行计划中表现为BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE
关键字。
SQL> SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME,STATUS FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME='SYSTEM';
....
OWNER TABLE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------ -------------------- ----------
LBACSYS OLS$USER_LEVELS SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$USER_COMPARTMENTS SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$USER_GROUPS SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$PROFILES SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$DIP_DEBUG SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$DIP_EVENTS SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$AUDIT SYSTEM VALID
LBACSYS OLS$AUDIT_ACTIONS SYSTEM VALID
SYS DBMS_SQLPATCH_STATE SYSTEM VALID
SYS DBMS_SQLPATCH_FILES SYSTEM VALID
SYS AQ_SRVNTFN_TABLE_1 SYSTEM VALID
OWNER TABLE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME STATUS
--------------- ------------------------------ -------------------- ----------
SYS REGISTRY$SQLPATCH_RU_INFO SYSTEM VALID
已选择 912 行。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME,STATUS FROM
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME='SYSTEM'
Plan hash value: 4282437356
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | |
| 3 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | BIDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TABLESPACE |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 16 行。
当谓词条件在bitmap索引列上是一个范围值的时候,如Bitmap Conversion to Rowid
中的例子,它在执行计划中表现为BITMAP INDEX RANGE SCAN
关键字。
此访问路径合并多个Bitmap,并返回单个Bitmap作为结果。在执行计划中表现为BITMAP MERGE
关键字
SQL> select owner,table_name,status,ini_trans from test_env.tb_table_list where ini_trans>=4 and tablespace_name='SYSTEM';
OWNER TABLE_NAME STATUS INI_TRANS
--------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
SYS OBJECT_USAGE VALID 30
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name,status,ini_trans from test_env.tb_table_list
where ini_trans>=4 and tablespace_name='SYSTEM'
Plan hash value: 1400915856
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | |
| 3 | BITMAP AND | |
| 4 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | BIDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_TABLESPACE |
| 5 | BITMAP MERGE | |
| 6 | BITMAP INDEX RANGE SCAN | BIDX_TB_TABLE_LIST_INITRANS |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 19 行。
在进行多表关联查询的时候,优化器需要考虑以下内容:
嵌套循环连接,可以理解为一个嵌套的for循环,通过外部表的每一条数据去匹配内部表的数据:
FOR erow IN outer_table LOOP
FOR drow IN inner_table LOOP
return match value
END LOOP
END LOOP
嵌套循环连接适用于以下情况:
一般情况下,只有在数据集比较小并且关联条件存在索引的时候会使用该方式。也可以通过加入以下hints的方式来强制走嵌套训话连接。:
SQL> select /*+ORDERED USE_NL(B) */A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$';
OWNER TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------ --------------------
SYS ACCESS$ D_OBJ#
SYS ACCESS$ ORDER#
SYS ACCESS$ COLUMNS
SYS ACCESS$ TYPES
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select /*+ORDERED USE_NL(B) */A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE
A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$'
Plan hash value: 1684280275
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_COLUMN_LIST |
| 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_COLUMN_LIST_TBNAME |
| 4 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 18 行。
这是大数据集关联的常见方式,也是我们日常见得最多的关联方式。优化器会选择两个数据集中较小的一个表,然后用关联字段来构建hash表,存放在PGA中(如果PGA大小不够存放该hash表,则会将部分数据放入到临时表中),然后,数据库扫描较大的数据集,探测哈希表以查找满足连接条件的数据行。
同意通过USE_HASH
的hints来强制数据库走HASH连接。
SQL> select /*+USE_HASH(A B) */A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST
B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$';
OWNER TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------ --------------------
SYS ACCESS$ D_OBJ#
SYS ACCESS$ ORDER#
SYS ACCESS$ COLUMNS
SYS ACCESS$ TYPES
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select /*+USE_HASH(A B) */A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE
A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$'
Plan hash value: 209128112
----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_COLUMN_LIST |
| 5 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_COLUMN_LIST_TBNAME |
----------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 19 行。
这是Nested Loops的一个变种。数据库会首先执行SORT JOIN
操作对两个数据集进行排序,然后遍历外部数据集的每一行,去匹配内部数据集,第二次开始后面每次的匹配位置,取决于前一次迭代的匹配。
以下情况会选择进行Sorted Merge:
SQL> select A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$' ORDER BY TABLE_NAME;
....
OWNER TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------ --------------------
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE5
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE4
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE3
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE2
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE6
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS OBJECT_TYPE
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS OBJECT_NAME
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS OBJECT_OWNER
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SERVER_NAME
SYS XSTREAM$_SYSGEN_OBJS SPARE1
SYS _default_auditing_options_ A
已选择 23104 行。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select A.owner,A.table_name,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST
A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND
A.OWNER=B.OWNER ORDER BY TABLE_NAME
Plan hash value: 3270676555
---------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | MERGE JOIN | |
| 2 | SORT JOIN | |
| 3 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 4 | SORT JOIN | |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | TB_COLUMN_LIST |
---------------------------------------------------
已选择 19 行。
我们发送给ORACLE的目标SQL与最终执行的SQL有可能是不同的,oracle有可能执行一系列查询转换的操作(如视图合并,子查询展开等)将SQL改写成语义等价的其他形式,是否执行查询转换取决于ORACLE对转换后SQL执行效率的评估。
OR扩展会将OR语句改写为UNION-ALL的形式,这样各个分支各自走索引、分区修剪、表连接等互不干扰。在之前版本中使用的CONCATENATION来执行OR扩展,12.2开始采用了UNION-ALL的方式。
SQL> select A.owner,A.table_name,B.STATUS,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B
2 WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND (B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$' OR B.OWNER='XDB');
......
OWNER TABLE_NAME STATUS COLUMN_NAME
--------------- ------------------------------ ---------- --------------------
XDB XDB_INDEX_DDL_CACHE VALID CONSTR_OWNER
SYS ACCESS$ VALID TYPES
SYS ACCESS$ VALID D_OBJ#
SYS ACCESS$ VALID ORDER#
SYS ACCESS$ VALID COLUMNS
已选择 170 行。
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'BASIC'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select A.owner,A.table_name,B.STATUS,A.column_name from
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE
A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND
(B.TABLE_NAME='ACCESS$' OR B.OWNER='XDB')
Plan hash value: 1155047104
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 3 | VIEW | VW_JF_SET$ADB40ABC |
| 4 | UNION-ALL | |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_TABLE_LIST_TBNAME |
| 9 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_COLUMN_LIST_TBNAME |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 10 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TB_COLUMN_LIST |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 25 行。
将视图合并到包含它的查询块中。进行试图合并后优化器可以考虑更多的连接顺序、访问方式和其他的查询转换,以此来获取更好的性能。视图合并又分为简单视图合并和复杂视图合并。
1.简单视图合并
对于简单试图,视图合并总是会带来更好的执行计划,所以数据库总是会进行合并而不会考虑成本。 存在以下情况时不会进行简单视图合并:
下面是一个执行了视图合并的例子:
SQL> select A.owner,A.table_name,V_B.STATUS,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,
(SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST) V_B
WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=V_B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=V_B.OWNER;
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL,NULL,'BASIC'))
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select A.owner,A.table_name,V_B.STATUS,A.column_name from
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A, (SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST) V_B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=V_B.TABLE_NAME AND
A.OWNER=V_B.OWNER
Plan hash value: 4162551876
---------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
---------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_COLUMN_LIST |
---------------------------------------------
已选择 18 行。
然后加个no_merge
的hint取消视图合并,对比下执行计划。
SQL> select A.owner,A.table_name,V_B.STATUS,A.column_name from TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A,
(SELECT /*+no_merge*/OWNER,TABLE_NAME,STATUS FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST) V_B
WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=V_B.TABLE_NAME AND A.OWNER=V_B.OWNER;
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select A.owner,A.table_name,V_B.STATUS,A.column_name from
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A, (SELECT /*+no_merge*/OWNER,TABLE_NAME,STATUS
FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST) V_B WHERE A.TABLE_NAME=V_B.TABLE_NAME AND
A.OWNER=V_B.OWNER
Plan hash value: 3859876297
----------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | |
| 2 | VIEW | |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | TB_COLUMN_LIST |
----------------------------------------------
已选择 19 行。
可以看到第二个执行计划出现了view关键字,表示会把V_B这个视图进行单独的处理。
2.复杂视图合并
复杂视图合并会合并包含GROUP BY和DISTINCT操作的视图,优化器会把GROUP BY和DISTINCT操作延迟到连接之后。是否进行复杂视图合并,取决于优化器对合并后性能的评估。抛开成本问题,以下情况不会进行复杂视图合并:
SQL> (SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,COUNT(*) AS CNT_COLS FROM TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST GROUP BY OWNER,TABLE_NAME) V_A,
2 TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B
3 WHERE V_A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND V_A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.OWNER='XDB';
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null, null, 'basic'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
SELECT B.OWNER,B.TABLE_NAME,B.TABLESPACE_NAME,B.STATUS,V_A.CNT_COLS
FROM (SELECT A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME,COUNT(*) AS CNT_COLS FROM
TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A GROUP BY A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME) V_A,
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE V_A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND
V_A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.OWNER='XDB'
Plan hash value: 3165065995
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 5 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 6 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_COLUMN_LIST_TBNAME |
| 7 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TB_COLUMN_LIST |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 23 行。
可以看到执行计划中已经没有VIEW关键字了,并且GROUP BY操作延迟到了嵌套循环连接之后。
优化器处理带视图的目标SQL的另一种优化手段。数据库可以将推入的谓词来访问索引或者作为过滤条件,进而走基于索引的嵌套循环连接。
还是上面的列子,现在加一个no_merger
的hint,避免做视图合并。VIEW PUSHED PREDICATE
表明此时做的是谓词推入。
SQL> SELECT B.OWNER,B.TABLE_NAME,B.TABLESPACE_NAME,B.STATUS,V_A.CNT_COLS FROM
(SELECT /*+no_merge*/A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME,COUNT(*) AS CNT_COLS FROM TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A GROUP BY A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME) V_A,
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B
WHERE V_A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND V_A.OWNER=B.OWNER
AND B.OWNER='XDB';
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'BASIC'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
SELECT B.OWNER,B.TABLE_NAME,B.TABLESPACE_NAME,B.STATUS,V_A.CNT_COLS
FROM (SELECT /*+no_merge*/A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME,COUNT(*) AS CNT_COLS
FROM TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST A GROUP BY A.OWNER,A.TABLE_NAME) V_A,
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST B WHERE V_A.TABLE_NAME=B.TABLE_NAME AND
V_A.OWNER=B.OWNER AND B.OWNER='XDB'
Plan hash value: 466935718
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED | TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 3 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 4 | VIEW PUSHED PREDICATE | |
| 5 | SORT GROUP BY | |
| 6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| TB_COLUMN_LIST |
| 7 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TB_COLUMN_LIST_TBNAME |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
已选择 23 行。
在子查询展开中优化器会把嵌套的子查询转换成一个关联查询语句。只有当JOIN语句返回的数据行与原始SQL返回数据行相同,并且子查询中不包含聚合函数(如AVG)时,优化器才会执行此转换。
SQL> SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST WHERE
2 (OWNER,TABLE_NAME) IN (SELECT OWNER, TABLE_NAME FROM TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST);
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'BASIC'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME FROM TEST_ENV.TB_COLUMN_LIST WHERE
(OWNER,TABLE_NAME) IN (SELECT OWNER, TABLE_NAME FROM
TEST_ENV.TB_TABLE_LIST)
Plan hash value: 2699376560
--------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
--------------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | HASH JOIN | |
| 2 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | TB_COLUMN_LIST |
--------------------------------------------------
已选择 17 行。
从上面的执行计划可以看出,执行子查询展开后,表现为两个表进行HASH JOIN。我们可以使用no_unnest
的hint来让优化器不对该SQL执行子查询展开。此时的执行计划如下:
SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(NULL, NULL, 'BASIC'));
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPLAINED SQL STATEMENT:
------------------------
select owner,table_name,column_name from test_env.tb_column_list where
(owner,table_name) in(select /*+no_unnest*/ owner,table_name from
test_env.tb_table_list)
Plan hash value: 2714665686
-----------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name |
-----------------------------------------------
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
| 1 | FILTER | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| TB_COLUMN_LIST |
| 3 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| PK_TB_TABLE_LIST |
-----------------------------------------------
已选择 17 行。
不进行子查询展开后的执行计划走的是FILTER的类型的过滤了。
基于索引可以提高查询的性能,但是维护索引也会产生开销。在一个大的分区表中(特别是采用业务时间做PARTITION KEY的分区表),经常DML操作比较频繁的就几个分区,其他分区大多数时候都做的全表检索的时间比较多。在类似这种场景下我们就可以只在比较活跃的分区上面创建索引,而其他分区则不创建。优化器会自动的帮我们在有索引的分区上面通过索引检索数据,没有索引的分区进行全表扫描,然后再把结果进行UNION-ALL操作。
下面是ORACLE官网的一个例子:
SELECT *
FROM sales
WHERE time_id >= TO_DATE('2000-01-01 00:00:00', 'SYYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')
AND prod_id = 38;
Plan hash value: 3087065703
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Id| Operation | Name |Pstart|Pstop|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0| SELECT STATEMENT | | | |
| 1| PARTITION RANGE ITERATOR | | 13 | 28 |
| 2| TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED| SALES | 13 | 28 |
| 3| BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | | | |
|*4| BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE |SALES_PROD_BIX| 13 | 28 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
4 - access("PROD_ID"=38)
ALTER INDEX sales_prod_bix MODIFY PARTITION sales_q4_2003 UNUSABLE;
ALTER INDEX sales_time_bix MODIFY PARTITION sales_q4_2003 UNUSABLE;
Plan hash value: 2120767686
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Id| Operation | Name |Pstart|Pstop|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0| SELECT STATEMENT | | | |
| 1| VIEW | VW_TE_2 | | |
| 2| UNION-ALL | | | |
| 3| PARTITION RANGE ITERATOR | | 13| 27|
| 4| TABLE ACCESS BY LOCAL INDEX ROWID BATCHED| SALES | 13| 27|
| 5| BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | | | |
|*6| BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | SALES_PROD_BIX| 13| 27|
| 7| PARTITION RANGE SINGLE | | 28| 28|
|*8| TABLE ACCESS FULL | SALES | 28| 28|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
6 - access("PROD_ID"=38)
8 - filter("PROD_ID"=38)
通过将非活跃分区的索引删除的方式可以减少维护索引的成本,优化器会自动的帮我们进行查询的改写,而不影响我们原本的SQL语句。