PL/SQL 基础 ( 下 )

1. PL/SQL中的 SQL语句

- END语句与COMMIT等内容,没有任何关系。

- PL/SQL does not directly support data definition language( DDL ) statements, such as CREATE TA BLE, ALTER TABLE, or DROP TABLE.

- PL/SQL does not support data control language( DCL ) statements, such as GRANT or REVOKE.

- 每条 SQL语句后边都要有个 ; 分号.

- PL/SQL 可以通过设置 exception 来管理错误,例如 NO_DATA_FOUND , TOO_MANY_ROWS

2. SQL 游标 (简单介绍 )

A cursor is a private SQL work area.

2种类型 : 隐式游标,显式游标

隐式游标 : The Oracle server uses implicit cursors to parse and execute your SQL statements. ( Whenever you issue a SQL statement, the Oracle server opens an area of memory in which the command is parsed and executed. this area is called a cursor.

When the executable part of a block issues a SQL statement, PL/SQL creates an implicit cursor, which PL/SQL manages automatically.

显式游标 : Explicit cursors are explicitly declared by the programer. ( 以下为游标的属性 )

- SQL%ROWCOUNT

- SQL%FOUND

- SQL%NOTFOUND

- SQL%ISOPEN

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注意此处 : 只是单纯的使用 SQL%ROWCOUNT , 并没有定义显示游标,因为这是隐式游标,证明 ORACLE在解析SQL语句时,使用隐式游标。

3. Transaction Control Statement

COMMIT [ WORK ];

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

ROLLBACK [WORK] ;

ROLLBACK [WORK] TO [SAVEPOINT] savepoint_name;

其中 : 貌似 WORK 没什么用.

4. 选择语句 & 循环语句

IF condition THEN

ELSIF condition THEN     // 注意,此处 ELSIF , 没有那个E

ELSE

END IF;                              // 最后,结束要有 ; 分号

 

CASE selector

  WHEN expression1 THEN result1         // 这后边什么符号也没有

  WHEN expression2 THEN result2

  ……

  WHEN expressionN THEN resultN

  ELSE resultN+1

END ;     // 要有 END 和 ; 分号

注意 NULL : not NULL 还是 NULL , 与 NULL 的计算也全部是 NULL ,

-- basic loop ( use the basic loop when the statements inside the loop must execute at least once )

LOOP

  statement 1;

  EXIT [WHEN condition] ;

END LOOP;

--while loop ( use the while loop if the condition has to be evaluated at the start of each iteration )

WHILE condition LOOP

  statement1;

  statement2;

  …

END LOOP;

--for loop ( use a for loop if the number of iterations is known )

FOR counter IN [REVERSE]  lower_bound..upper_bound LOOP  // counter 不用自己定义,系统会直接定义 , REVERSE 表示递减, 否则表示递增,增减幅度 1

  statement1;

  statement2;

  …

END LOOP;

例如 :

FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP

END LOOP;           // 增 , i 不用定义

FOR i IN REVERSE 1..3 LOOP

END LOOPS         // 减, 注意后边的区间不用去改,还是从低到高

--嵌套循环

循环之间可以互相嵌套,多层,可以使用 label 来跳到想要走的位置,label要放到对应代码的上边,

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在 END LOOP 后边写上标志 ( inner_loop, outer_loop ) 是好习惯。

5. Composite Data Types

- PL/SQL records

- PL/SQL collections ( index by table , nested table, varray ) ( 貌似这种不常用 )
( 就是将多种相关的数据集中在一起看,比如 employeer, 有 name, salary, birthday, 等等,虽然 name, slary, birthday 他们的存储类型不同,但是由于相关性,所以将它们作为一个整体来看 )

TYPE type_name IS RECORD

  ( field_declaration, field_declaration );

identifier type_name;

例如 :

TYPE emp_record_type IS RECORD

( employee_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL := 100,

  last_name VARCHAR2(25),

  job_id VARCHAR2(10),

  salary NUMBER(8, 2) ) ;

emp_record emp_record_type;

emp_record.job_id := ‘ST_CLERK’;

这种十分类似C中的结构体

%ROWTYPE

DECLARE

  emp_record   employees%ROWTYPE;

to declare a record based on a collection of columns in a database table or view, you use the %ROWTYPE attribute.

使用 ROWTYPE 的好处,1) 可以动态变更,即当基表本身发生变更时,ROWTYPE会随之变更,2)特别是在你想要将全部内容都掉出去来时,可以使用 SELECT * FROM TABLE INTO 该类型,省去了很多打字操作。

INDEX BY Tables

由两部分组成 ( 主键和列 )

- Primary key of data type BINARY_INTEGER

- Column of scalar or record data type ( 1列,或者是标准类型列,或者是组合类型列 )

TYPE type_name IS TABLE OF

{column_type variable%TYPE | table.column%TYPE | table.%ROWTYPE} [INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER] ;

identifier type_name;

例如 :

TYPE ename_table_type IS TABLE OF

    employees.last_name%TYPE

INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER ;

ename_table ename_table_type;

( 有点像 XML )

image   

如果定义为 INDEX BY Table 类型,会有很多方法, EXISTS , NEXT, COUNT, TRIM, FIRST AND LAST, DELETE, PRIOR

image

6. 权限管理相关内容

system privileges 包含 CREATE or ANY  关键字的是 系统权限

系统权限是由 SYS, SYSTEM 给予的,

Object privilege are rights assigned to a specific object within a shema and always include the name of object.

如果想创建 subprogram ( procedure , function ) , 必须有 CREATE PROCEDURE quanxian ,

if a PL/SQL subprogram refers to any objects that are not in the same schema, you must be granted access on these explicity, not through a role.

如果想调用 subprogram , 必须要有 EXECUTE object privilege.

 

Stored Information

Description

Access Method

General Object information The USER_OBJECTS 数据字典
Source code Text of the procedure USER_SOURCE
Parameters IN / OUT / IN OUT datatype describe command
P-code Compiled object code Not accessible
Compile errors PL/SQL syntax errors USER_ERRORS
Run-time debug information User-specified debug variables and messages The DBMS_OUTPUT

可以使用  show errors , 查看编译错误,( 这些内容也是存储在 USER_ERRORS 中的 )

DESCRIBE query_employee ( 查看 procedure 等内容, 跟 desc table_name 差不多 )

也可以是用 DBMS_OUTPUT 来显示内容,调试使用 ( 类似到处的 printf , 查看某些变量的内容 )

- 提示内容1 :Message upon entering, leaving a procedure, or indicating that an operation has occured

- 提示内容2 :Counter for a loop

- 提示内容3 :Value for a variable before and after an assignment.

DBMS_DEBUG ( 一些工具, 例如 PL/SQL DEVELOPER, 提供单步跟踪等等 )

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