C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型

我们学习了类和对象的基础知识过后,就可以来了解一些对象背后的知识了。

Student wx = new Student();

这行代码,实际上做了三件事:

  1. 生成一个对象(new Student()),获得该对象的存储地址
  2. 声明一个Student的变量wx
  3. 将在1中生成的对象存储地址赋值给2中的变量wx,从而把变量wx和对象关联起来

如图所示:

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第1张图片

理解这三步非常重要。其关键点就在于:wx中存储的不是对象本身,而是对象的地址。在C#中,对象的地址又被称之为“引用”,所以凡是以这种形式存放的类型,都被称之为

引用类型

凡是由class声明的类型,都是引用类型;“指向”引用类型(存放引用类型对象的地址)的变量,就被称之为引用类型变量。因为引用类型变量并不存放实质性数据,所以当我们运行这一行代码的时候:

wx.age = 18;

18并没有存放在wx中,而是存放在wx(通过内存地址)所指向的对象中,如图所示:

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第2张图片

同时注意,如果wx变量没有指向任何对象的话,我们可以说它的值为null 。null值上不能进行任何运算,由于对象为null值而报的错误NullReferenceException是程序中最常见的错误。

Student wx = null; //运行就会报错:NullReferenceException Console.WriteLine(wx.Name);

和引用类型对应的,就是

值类型

目前我们已经学习过的int,float,bool等都是值类型(string是一种非常特殊的引用类型,数组是引用类型)。值类型的特点就是:

变量存放的不是地址,而是直接存放“值”。比如:

int i = 18;

变量i中直接存放着18这个数值。如图所示:

值类型变量的值不能为null,如果没有为其赋值,它会有一个默认值(参考:默认值表)。

理解值类型和引用类型的区别有什么作用呢?我们来看一下这两段代码:

int i = 18; int j = i; -- 注意这一行代码 j = 20; Console.WriteLine(i); -- i的值是18还是20?

我们注意赋值运算符(=),它意味着将=右侧的值赋值给左侧。那么 j=i ,就是把变量i的值赋值给变量j。而变量i的值是多少? 是整数18。这里的赋值,不是“移动”(移动的话i就没值了,^_^),而是“复制”,就是把i中的值18复制一份给j,让j里也存放着18。

所以,再下一句,j=20,就又把20赋值给了j,但也仅仅是把20赋值给了j,不能影响i的值。

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第3张图片

那么,再看看这个代码:

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; Student clone = wx; -- 这里是把wx的什么赋值给了clone? clone.age = 20; Console.WriteLine(wx.age);

大体上和上面的i/j赋值类似,但是运行之后我们发现wx.age变成了20,为什么呢?

因为 Student clone = wx; 这一行代码,实际上是把变量wx中存放的Student对象地址赋值给了clone,从而让clone变量中也存放了wx的对象地址。通过&运算可以清楚的看到这一点:

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第4张图片

用图例表示:

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第5张图片

所以,当我们修改clone.age的时候,实际上修改的是new Student()对象中的Age。而由于wx和clone都执行了new Student(),所以当我们获取wx.age的时候,获取的也是clone.age的值。

演示:使用&运算符……

或许大家已经明白了(或者更迷糊了),为什么我们之前一直反复强调函数的值传递和引用传递,是“传递”而不是“类型”。因为在C#中,传递是传递,类型是类型,总结起来,我们可以有:

  1. 值类型参数的值传递
  2. 值类型参数的引用传递
  3. 引用类型参数的值传递
  4. 引用类型参数的引用传递

我们在参数的传递中已经学习过了1和2,接下来我们看看3和4。先上方法:

static void grow(Student student) { student.age++; }

接下来进行调用:

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; grow(wx); Console.WriteLine(wx.age); -- 猜一猜它的结果?

因为上述代码运行之后wx.age变成了19,和值类型参数的引用传递结果类似,所以很多同学会将其直接称之为“引用传递”(尤其是Java中没有ref关键字,这种称呼更为流行)。但实际上,重要的事情……,嗯,再说一遍:

C#中除非参数前加修饰符(ref,out等),否则默认就是值传递!

所以,这里仍然是参数的值传递,不过我们之前是值类型的值传递,这里是引用类型的值传递。这里仍然是将变量wx的值复制一份,将副本传递给grow()方法。那为什么结果和值类型的值传递效果不一样呢?

注意这里变量wx的值,它具体指的是什么?是age(18)么?不是的哟!应该是 new Student()这个对象的地址。其实整个过程和前文 Student clone = wx; 是一样一样的?因为传递给grow()方法的是对象地址,所以在方法中修改的也就是对象内容,而最后的输出的也是对象的内容(wx.age),所以……

演示:使用&运算符……

为了加深同学们的认识,我们稍稍的修改一下上面的grow()方法:

static void grow(Student student) { student = new Student(); //增加了一行代码 student.age++; }

如上文一般调用这个方法,结果值是多少呢?为什么?

关键的关键就是新增加的这一行代码让student重新指向了一个新生成的对象,且student.Age++也发生在了新生成的对象中,和之前的变量wx所指向的对象完全无关。如图所示:

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第6张图片

最后,我们来试一试引用类型的引用传递吧:

static void grow(ref Student student) { student = new Student(); //仍然使用增加的这一行代码 student.age++; }

方法调用:

Student wx = new Student(); wx.age = 18; grow(ref wx); //不要忘记了添加ref关键字 Console.WriteLine(wx.age); //猜一猜结果是什么?

居然是:1,为什么呢?

因为这一次,引用传递会将变量wx直接传递给grow()方法,也就是说,student参数就是wx本身,那么在方法中新new出来的对象地址也就直接赋值给了wx,所以现在wx.age就是0了(字段的默认值),++之后就变成了1。

C#-面向对象:引用类型和值类型_第7张图片

因为引用类型的引用传递在复杂的代码环境中容易让人懵逼,所以微软官方并不推荐使用。通常,我们应该使用return来实现类似效果:

static Student grow(Student student) { student = new Student(); student.age++; return student; } //同学们要逐渐适应这种使用自定义class作为参数和返回值的用法

接着进行调用:

Student wx = new Student(); wx = grow(wx); //注意理解这里的变化 Console.WriteLine(wx.age); //或者: Console.WriteLine(grow(wx).age);

在面试中,问到值类型和引用类型的区别,我们还应该能答到:

引用类型存放在堆里,而值类型存放在栈或者堆中。(堆和栈都是一个逻辑而不是物理概念)

这什么意思呢?

堆和栈

是两种数据结构,但有时候我们也会把栈称之为“堆栈”,ʅ(‾◡◝)ʃ,飞哥也很无奈,同学们就根据上下文理解吧……

堆最好理解,它是无序的数据集合,简单的说,就是数据散乱的分布,没有任何组织和规律,就像一堆货物堆在那里一样(复习:SQL无聚集索引表)https://github.com/hdfgfgh546...
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