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每个公司都喜爱精通多种编程语言并且多才多艺的程序员。一个既能很麻利地写脚本,也能编写复杂的Java程序的程序员,确实相当有价值。所以实际上,对于高级开发者来说,学习不止一种编程语言,几乎就是必然的要求。
目前而言,面试官越来越看重那些拥有多种编程语言经验的工程师。比如,同时有C++ 和Java的经验就很不错,Python和Java也是。我个人喜欢那些在C++ 或者Java方面有着丰富经验,而且能用Groovy、Perl或Python写脚本的软件工程师。
很多时候,写一个小脚本就足以快速搞定一些专有任务。我不想我的程序员们花上一整天用Java去写一个读取CSV文件的程序,或者在TCP/UDP端口抓取信息的程序,这是很浪费时间的一件事情。

为什么我在文章中选择下面5种语言呢?简单实际。我是基于这些语言的用途、编程范式和流行度及代表性来选择的。
例如,如果你想找一份应用开发的工作,就不能忽视Java。同样,做与web相关的事情,就得知道无处不在的JavaScript。
在开发者职业生涯的早期,我强烈建议学习C语言。它能帮助开发者贴近系统底层,知晓那些编程的关键概念,这是隐藏在JVM或CLR底下的东西。
对于脚本语言,我的选择是Python,尽管你也可用Perl或Groovy代替。但在扩展支持方面来看,Python的表现无疑是最棒的。有很多Python模块可供选择,帮你能分分种搞定各种任务。
学习一种面向对象的语言的同时,也学习一种像Haskell或Scala这样的函数式编程语言,这能拓展你的思维和编程认知。你可以在本文找到学习这5种语言的更多理由。
言归正传,下面就是我列出的5种每个程序员或软件开发者都该尝试学习的编程语言。
它包含了语言的大杂烩,比如[面向对象的]语言,函数式的语言,脚本语言,提供了对底层的控制,也涵盖了广泛用于服务端开发的语言。

JavaJava是近二十年来最流行的语言之一。它统治着全球的服务端应用开发,同时在基于Anroid开发的移动应用市场,以及企业web开发领域,也占有相当一部分比重。
Java最初的构想是一次编写各种平台均能运行(write once run anywhere)。随着时间的推移,它确实做到了运行在各个平台的各个角落。
你应该学习使用Java构建健壮的、可扩展的服务端应用。你可以用Java构建多种复杂度的工程。与之相伴的,有很棒的工具、技术和社区支持。
为什么你应该学Java呢?你会学到如果专注于应用层面和代码结构的设计,而不用关心特定系统的细节和内存管理。JVM帮你搞定了后面这些。

Java被许多世界上的大型组织所使用。而且能够向众多用户展示你用Java开发的Android应用。

Python
在全球范围的学校和院系,Python是教授最多的语言之一。在美国,许多学术课程中,Python已经取代了Java成为接触编程的首选语言。你将从学习Python中得到什么呢?——那将非常多。
Python既能用于写脚本,也能作为一种面向对象的语言编写大型工程。
许多流行的网站,比如Reddit,就使用基于Python的框架来构建,比如Django。近段时间,许多大型组织也转向使用基于Python的框架了。
Python也越来越多地用于像机器学习、人工智能、数据科学这样的新一代技术中。这也难怪,因为有基于Python的非常棒的机器学习库,比如TensorFlow、Scikit-Learn以及其他。

我个人倒是在用Python写脚本。这能很快地完成一些有用的事情,比如,你可以用Python花5分钟写一个UDP消息的监听器,相比较,用Java可能就要花20分钟。
忘掉“编译、打包,然后才能使用”这些步骤。你可以直接为特定任务编写Python脚本。

JavaScript你可以用Java替代C++,用Pythont替代Ruby,但是,坦率地讲,当前没有JavaScript的替代品。在最近5年,JavaScript完全统治了世界。
它不再仅仅是客户端脚本语言。有了Node.js这样的库,和Angular、React这样的框架,你可以在服务端做用户界面的开发。
JavaScript的巨大成功,有一部分要归功于jQuery。它真正改变了人们在客户端使用JavaScript的方式。

作为一个在工作中使用JSP和开发基于Servlet的应用的程序员,我有许多机会同时使用jQuery和JavaScript。
有了此语言的知识,可以帮助我们决定哪些功能应该在服务端实现,哪些该在客户端实现。比如,许多服务端的校验逻辑,就被我们迁移到了客户端。

C / C++
如果不知道C或C++,你就不能成为真正的程序员。这听起来有点苛刻,但是我的经验之谈。
了解C的工程师或者开发者,就是比不了解C的程序员要优秀。这可不是简单的巧合。
这是你必须要了解的编程语言之一。我在求学期间学习的C语言,并在那时学到了关于编程的许多关键概念,比如结构体、数组、指针、内存管理等等。
C仍然是操作系统编程方面最受欢迎的语言,并且在这两年,给排名榜首的Java带来了强劲地冲击。直至今年,超过了Java,排在了编程语言排行榜的第一位!

它同样是最古老的主流语言之一,已经存在了近五十年。
C++ 和 C 很像,都允许你为系统和驱动编写底层代码。如果你想学习C++ 而不是C,可看看我为新手列出的C++学习路线。

ScalaScala是基于过去20年来的最佳实践而创造的语言。它是一种函数式编程语言,提供了一种跟面向对象语言不同的编程范式。这能改进你的思维和代码认知。
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虽然有许多函数式编程可供选择,比如Haskell。我选择Scala,因为作为一名Java开发者,我发现学习Scala比Haskell更容易。

有人也可以把学习Haskell当作一个挑战。但是从实际的角度讲,我认为学习Scala对于Java开发者来说更有意义。

对于C++程序员,学习Haskell可能更合理。坦率讲,你可以选择任何一门函数式编程语言,但请选择一门有商业需求的比较好。

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