2021年编程列入高考

It has been almost eight months in 2020, and yet the forecasts for 2020 do not seem to end. While predicting the future of such a dynamically changing industry, as a software developer, it is not an easy task to survive. People who are engaged with software may have seen many technologies come and be gone forever, without even knowing, since it’s hard to survive in the software industry.

到2020年已经快八个月了，但是2020年的预测似乎还没有结束。在预测这样一个动态变化的行业的未来时，作为软件开发人员，要生存下去并非易事。从事软件的人们可能已经不知不觉地看到了许多技术的长生不老，因为在软件行业很难生存。

But if we look back, programming languages have a huge history with many key components. C and Java are two of the oldest and still survive in the industry. But if we check out which positions they are in or how much popularity they have gained, we can say that the curve is going down.

但是，如果回顾一下，编程语言拥有许多重要组成部分的悠久历史。 C和Java是最古老的两个，并且在业界仍然存在。但是，如果我们查看一下他们所处的位置或获得的人气，我们可以说曲线正在下降。

As a developer, I am in love with JavaScript (like, I am having an eternal bond) and have been using JavaScript for some time now. But if we can open our eyes and look around the developer world, things might have slightly changed. Let’s select what language to use in 2021 out of JavaScript, Python, and Go. Before talking about the pros of each language, let me show you some online surveys and their results.

作为开发人员，我爱上了JavaScript(例如，我拥有永恒的纽带)，并且已经使用JavaScript已有一段时间了。但是，如果我们睁开眼睛看看开发人员世界，情况可能会稍有改变。让我们从JavaScript，Python和Go中选择一种在2021年使用的语言。在讨论每种语言的优点之前，让我向您展示一些在线调查及其结果。

调查和其他数据 (Surveys and Other Data)

堆栈溢出调查 (Stack Overflow survey)

Stack Overflow’s annual developer survey is the largest and most comprehensive survey of people who code around the world. More than 90,000 developers have participated in this survey. As per them, we can see that Python leads the ladder while JavaScript and Go are at the second and third places respectively. But wait — -this is the survey which was conducted in 2019. As a rapidly growing language, the popularity of Go is increasing crazily. In my opinion, I think stats are probably going to change in 2020.

Stack Overflow的年度开发人员调查是对全球编码人员的最大，最全面的调查。超过90,000个开发人员参加了此调查。按照它们，我们可以看到Python领先，而JavaScript和Go分别位于第二和第三位。但是，等等-这是在2019年进行的调查。作为一种快速增长的语言，Go的受欢迎程度正在疯狂增加。我认为，统计数据可能会在2020年发生变化。

Figure 01: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019 图01： https : //insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019

GitHub-GitHut排名 (GitHub-GitHut rankings)

The GitHub 2.0 graph below shows the number of pull requests taken during the years 2013 through 2019. As we can see in the graph, JavaScript is above all other languages. But we cannot see Go in the graph, while Python is in second place.

下面的GitHub 2.0图显示了从2013年到2019年之间接受的拉取请求的数量。从图中可以看出，JavaScript在所有其他语言之上。但是当Python位居第二时，我们无法在图中看到Go。

Figure 02: https://madnight.github.io/githut/#/pull_requests/2020/2 图02： https : //madnight.github.io/githut/#/pull_requests/2020/2

But by observing the rankings given for each programming language, we can see that the popularity of Go is increasing significantly, whereas the popularity of JavaScript and Python is tending to decrease.

但是通过观察每种编程语言的排名，我们可以看到Go的流行度正在显着增加，而JavaScript和Python的流行度却在下降。

https://madnight.github.io/githut/#/pull_requests/2020/2 https ://madnight.github.io/githut/#/pull_requests/2020/2

GitHub储存库 (GitHub repositories)

Figure 04: https://github.com/python/cpython 图04： https : //github.com/python/cpython

Figure 05: https://github.com/nodejs/node 图05： https : //github.com/nodejs/node

Figure 06: https://github.com/golang/go 图06： https : //github.com/golang/go

According to those GitHub repositories, we can see that developer attraction to Go is getting high. Both the watch number and the stars for the Go repository are higher, though folks are less inclined toward GO than the JavaScript and Python repositories.

根据这些GitHub存储库，我们可以看到开发人员对Go的吸引力越来越高。 Go存储库的手表号和星号都更高，尽管与JavaScript和Python存储库相比，人们对GO的偏爱要小。

thom holmes on 汤姆·霍姆斯在 Unsplash Unsplash

为什么选择Python？ (Why Select Python?)

Python is a high-level dynamically typed programming language that has been getting popularity in the IT industry for some years. As per a lot of surveys, Python can be recognized as the most popular language for the past decade.

Python是一种高级的动态类型编程语言，在IT行业中已经流行了很多年。根据许多调查，Python被认为是过去十年中最受欢迎的语言。

Python的优点 (Pros of Python)

With Python, you can solve complex problems in less time with fewer lines of code.
使用Python，您可以用更少的代码行在更短的时间内解决复杂的问题。
Python makes a lot of complex things really easy with a simple yet powerful syntax.
使用简单但功能强大的语法，Python确实使许多复杂的事情变得非常容易。
It’s a high-level language, so you don’t have to worry about complex tasks such as memory management, as you do in C++.
这是一种高级语言，因此您不必像使用C ++那样担心诸如内存管理之类的复杂任务。
It is cross-platform, which means you can build and run Python applications on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
它是跨平台的，这意味着您可以在Windows，Mac和Linux上构建和运行Python应用程序。
It has a huge community. Whenever you get stuck, there is someone out there to help.
它有一个庞大的社区。每当您遇到困难时，都会有人帮助您。
It has a large number of libraries, frameworks, and tools. This means that whatever you want to do, it’s likely that someone else has done it before because Python has been around for over 20 years.
它具有大量的库，框架和工具。这意味着无论您想做什么，很可能其他人以前都做过，因为Python已经问世20多年了。

In a nutshell, Python is a multi-purpose language with a simple, clean, and beginner-friendly syntax. All of that means Python is awesome. Technically, everything you do with Python, you can also do with other programming languages. But Python’s simplicity and elegance have made it grow way more than other programming languages. That’s why it’s the number one language employers are looking for. Whether you’re a programmer or an absolute beginner, learning Python opens up a lot of job opportunities to you in 2021. In fact, an average Python developer earns a whopping $116,000 a year.

简而言之，Python是一种多用途语言，具有简单，干净且对初学者友好的语法。所有这些都意味着Python很棒。从技术上讲，您使用Python所做的一切，也可以使用其他编程语言。但是Python的简单性和优雅性使其比其他编程语言有了更大的发展。这就是为什么它是雇主寻找的第一语言。无论您是程序员还是绝对的初学者，学习Python都会在2021年为您带来很多就业机会。实际上，Python开发人员的平均年薪高达116,000美元。

为什么选择JavaScript(Node.js)？ (Why Select JavaScript (Node.js)?)

Personally I love Node.js because Node.js is where I began back-end development. Up to now, I have talked about programming languages. But for this section, I would like to talk more about Node.js, which is one of the most popular JavaScript run-time environments. As we all know, Node.js is popular in the IT industry for back-end development. One of the major reasons for that is that Node.js is based on JavaScript. If you are a JavaScript developer, you can easily become a full-stack developer, which is an added advantage of knowing JavaScript.

我个人很喜欢Node.js，因为Node.js是我开始进行后端开发的地方。到目前为止，我已经谈到了编程语言。但是在本节中，我想进一步谈谈Node.js，它是最流行JavaScript运行时环境之一。众所周知，Node.js在IT行业中很受后端开发的欢迎。主要原因之一是Node.js基于JavaScript。如果您是JavaScript开发人员，则可以轻松地成为全栈开发人员，这是了解JavaScript的另一项优势。

JavaScript和Node.js的优点 (Pros of JavaScript and Node.js)

It’s non-blocking. So that means that Node.js is really fast. (Non-blocking file reading and writing is one of the things that servers need to do. But it is something that Node.js does.)
这是非阻塞的。因此，这意味着Node.js确实非常快。 (非阻塞文件读写是服务器需要做的事情之一。但这是Node.js要做的事情。)
There is one language in which to write for the front end and the back end.
前端和后端使用一种语言编写。
It’s used by major companies, such as Uber, LinkedIn, Netflix, and Facebook.
Uber，LinkedIn，Netflix和Facebook等主要公司都在使用它。
It’s cross-platform. This means you can build and run Node.js applications on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
它是跨平台的。这意味着您可以在Windows，Mac和Linux上构建和运行Node.js应用程序。
It has a huge community. (Gitter is one of the communities I am currently in. Also, you can find Slack channels and Stack Overflow discussions.)
它有一个庞大的社区。 ( Gitter是我目前所在的社区之一。此外，您可以找到Slack频道和Stack Overflow讨论。)
It is not a bloated framework. That means it’s a web server technology that you can use with different frameworks that exist for Node.js, like Express, one of the popular Node.js frameworks.
它不是一个肿的框架。这意味着它是一种Web服务器技术，可以与Node.js已有的不同框架一起使用，例如Express，这是流行的Node.js框架之一。

Again we can see that Node.js is also going to be a great JavaScript environment to use in back-end development. By observing the below graph, we can see that JavaScript is used for both back-end and front-end development in a similar percentage during the 2019–2020 range. If we take a look at the average Node.js developer salary in the U.S., we see that it ranges from $48,000 to $130,000 per year.

再一次，我们可以看到Node.js还将成为在后端开发中使用的绝佳JavaScript环境。通过观察下图，我们可以看到在2019–2020年期间，JavaScript用于后端和前端开发的比例相似。如果我们看一下Node.js在美国的开发人员的平均工资，我们看到它的年薪在48,000美元到130,000美元之间。

Figure 07: https://nodejs.org/en/user-survey-report/ 图07： https : //nodejs.org/en/user-survey-report/

为什么选择去？ (Why Select Go?)

Go is an open-source programming language that makes it easy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software. It was originally announced in 2009, but it has gained less popularity than Python and JavaScript since then. But Go has been named as the programming language of the year two times. Also, Go has become the most loved programming language of 67.9% of developers. Obviously, there are reasons why developers started loving Go.

Go是一种开放源代码编程语言，可轻松构建简单，可靠和高效的软件。它最初是在2009年宣布的，但自那时以来，其流行度一直低于Python和JavaScript。但是Go两次被评为年度编程语言。此外，Go已成为67.9％的开发人员最喜欢的编程语言。显然，有一些原因使开发人员开始喜欢Go。

Figure 08: https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019 图08： https : //insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019

Go的优点 (Pros of Go)

It is so productive. Since Go is a C-like language, you don’t need to know a new syntax.
如此高效。由于Go是一种类似于C的语言，因此您无需了解新的语法。
Go is also a cross-platform language.
Go也是一种跨平台语言。
It is a simple language. But why? The answer is it has only 25 keywords and a lesser number of data structures (no classes, only functions and types).
这是一种简单的语言。但为什么？答案是它只有25个关键字和较少数量的数据结构(没有类，只有函数和类型)。
It is a reliable language. It’s a fast language. It supports concurrency by default, has a beautiful model, and handles production-ready servers by default.
这是一种可靠的语言。这是一种快速的语言。默认情况下，它支持并发，具有漂亮的模型并默认情况下处理可用于生产环境的服务器。
Go does not update so often. If it updates, it doesn’t have breaking changes, and Go is 100% compatible with older versions.
Go不会经常更新。如果更新，则没有重大更改，并且Go与旧版本100％兼容。
Go is a mature language now. (Go has a built-in package manager testing framework and a concurrency model.)
Go现在是一种成熟的语言。 (Go具有内置的包管理器测试框架和并发模型。)

Based on the above pros, we can see that Go is also an awesome language. You might wonder why it took that much time to figure that out, why you have not started using Go yet. On my side, I thought the same. As we have seen, most of the programmers learn with C language as their first programming language. If you have started that way, learning and using Go will be effortless for you.

基于以上优点，我们可以看到Go也是一种很棒的语言。您可能想知道为什么要花这么多时间才能弄清这一点，为什么还没有开始使用Go。在我这边，我也这么认为。如我们所见，大多数程序员都将C语言作为他们的第一门编程语言来学习。如果您以这种方式开始学习和使用Go，那么对您来说将毫不费力。

If we take a look at an average Go developer’s salary in the U.S., it ranges from $45,000 to $130,000 per year.

如果我们看一下Go开发者在美国的平均薪水，则为每年45,000美元至130,000美元。

“My favorite things in life don’t cost any money. It’s really clear that the most precious resource we all have is time.” — Steve Jobs

“我一生中最喜欢的东西不花钱。 显然，我们所有人最宝贵的资源就是时间。” — 史蒂夫·乔布斯

结论 (Conclusion)

As we can see, Go has done quite well during the last few years. Also, as per the surveys, we can see that Go is getting quite a significant number of users compared to JavaScript and Python. Surely the popularity and the resources will be increased during the next few months. Even though I started with JavaScript, I select Go as the best back-end programming language to be used in 2021.

如我们所见，Go在过去几年中做得很好。此外，根据调查，与JavaScript和Python相比，我们可以看到Go吸引了大量用户。当然，在接下来的几个月中，人气和资源将会增加。即使我开始使用JavaScript，我还是选择Go作为2021年将要使用的最佳后端编程语言。

翻译自: https://medium.com/better-programming/what-will-be-the-best-back-end-programming-language-for-2021-18096c0c6105