JavaWeb-02(Servlet)

Servlet

1.概述

Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术,Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet

开发一个Servlet程序俩步走:

1.编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
2.把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中。

实现了Servlet接口的Java程序就叫做Servlet

2.编写一个Servlet程序

Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet

1.建立新项目

(1)构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录
(2)在这个项目里面建立Moudel,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
(3)手动添加java和resources文件夹并更改为相应属性

2. Maven环境优化

(1)修改web.xml为最新的,用如下代码替换即可


<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
         version="4.0"
         metadata-complete="true">
  
  
web-app>

(2) 将maven的结构搭建完整

3. 编写程序

在java文件中建立一个包
在包中建立一个普通类,实现sevelet接口,直接继承HttpServlet

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
     
    //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
        writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

4. 编写Servlet的映射

为什么需要映射:

我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要再web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;

    
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServletservlet-class>
    servlet>
    
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hellourl-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

5. 配置Tomcat然后启动即可

关于Maven父子工程的一些理解:

父项目中会有

    <modules>
        <module>servlet-01module>
    modules>

子项目会有

       <parent>
           <artifactId>javaweb-02-servletartifactId>
           <groupId>com.kuanggroupId>
           <version>1.0-SNAPSHOTversion>
       parent>

父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用,反之则不行

son extends father

3.Servlet原理

Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:

JavaWeb-02(Servlet)_第1张图片

4.Mapping

(1) Servlet指定一个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hellourl-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

(2) Servlet指定多个映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hellourl-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello2url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello3url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello4url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello5url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

(3) Servlet指定通用映射路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello/*url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

(4)Servlet指定默认请求路径

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/*url-pattern>
    servlet-mapping>

(5) Servlet还可以自定义后缀实现请求映射

注意,*前面不能加项目映射的路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet-name>
    <url-pattern>*.hellourl-pattern>
servlet-mapping>

(6) 优先级问题

在优先级问题上指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求

5.ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;

(1)共享数据

一个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到;

代码演示如下:
保存这个代码的数据

public class SaveServlet extends HttpServlet {
     
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = "张三"; 
        context.setAttribute("username",username); 
        //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

这个代码获取数据

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
     
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

(2)获取初始化参数

配置web应用初始化参数

    <context-param>
        <param-name>urlparam-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatisparam-value>
    context-param>

获取参数

public class Get extends HttpServlet {
     
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);
     }
}

(3)请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/xg"); //转发的请求路径
    requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); 
}

(4)读取资源文件

在resources目录下新建properties
properties文件如下

username=zhngsan
password=123456
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
     
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     

        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");

        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
        resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

6.HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;

HttpServletRequest:获取客户端请求过来的参数
HttpServletResponse:给客户端响应一些信息

(1)简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

    void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);

    void setContentLength(int var1);

    void setContentLengthLong(long var1);

    void setContentType(String var1);

    void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void setHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void addHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

    void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

(2)下载文件

代码如下:

package java1;

import sun.net.www.content.image.png;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;

public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
     

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        // 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
        String realPath = "C:\\Users\\**\\Desktop\\新建文件夹\\捕获1.PNG";
        System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
        // 2. 下载的文件名是啥?
        String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
        // 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
        // 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
        FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        // 5. 创建缓冲区
        int len = 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        // 6. 获取OutputStream对象
        ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
        // 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
        while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
     
            out.write(buffer,0,len);
        }

        in.close();
        out.close();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}


(3)验证码功能

代码参考如下:

package java1;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;

public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
     

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     

        //如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");

        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(160,40,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        g.setColor(Color.white);
        g.fillRect(0,0,160,40);
        //给图片写数据
        g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
        g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,40));
        g.drawString(makeNum(),0,40);

        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");

        //把图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream());

    }

    //生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
     
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
     
            sb.append("0");
        }
        num = sb.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }


    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

(4)重定向

重定向图示:
JavaWeb-02(Servlet)_第2张图片
代码演示:

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
     
    resp.sendRedirect("/img");//重定向
}

代码解释:

当前页面为http://localhost:8081/t,访问后自动跳转到http://localhost:8081/img页面

7.HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器;
HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息;

获取参数,请求转发

 String name = req.getParameter("name");//获取jsp中form表单中的name值的参数
 
 req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);//请求转发

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