Nginx单机环境安装及使用

Nginx 是一个高性能的HTTP和方向代理服务器，在现今互联网环境广泛使用，通常情况下，我们可以通过nginx实现url重写、浏览器缓存配置、gzip压缩、反向代理、负载均衡、https的配置等。本文将对Nginx单机环境安装及配置文件进行简单的介绍。

Nginx单机环境安装

下载

nginx 1.13.6

安装

tar -zxvf nginx-1.13.6.tar.gz

cd nginx-1.13.6

./configure –prefix=/root/opt/nginx

make && make install

常用命令

启动nginx sbin/nginx

检测nginx配置文件 sbin/nginx -t

加载配置文件 sbin/nginx -s reload

停止nginx sbin/nginx -s stop或sbin/nginx -s quit

Nginx配置文件浅析

# 使用的用户


#user  nobody;


# 指定工作进程数(一般等于CPU的总核数或总核数的两倍，如两个4核CPU，则总核数为8)

worker_processes  1;


# 指定错误日志存放的路径，如notice、info等为错误日志的基本，为可选项，包括[debug | info | notice | warn | error]等

error_log  logs/error.log;

#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;


#error_log  logs/error.log  info;



# 指定pid存放的路径


#pid        logs/nginx.pid;



events {
    # 使用的网络IO模型，Linux系统推荐采用epoll模型
    use epoll;
    # 允许的最大连接数
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    # 设置客户端能够上传的文件大小
    client_max_body_size 5m;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    # 开启gzip压缩
    gzip  on;
    gzip_min_length 1k;
    gzip_buffers 4 16k;
    gzip_http_version 1.1;
    gzip_comp_level 2;
    gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
    gzip_vary on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
      
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
      
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
      
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
      
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
      
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server https配置部分
    #
    #server {
      
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
      
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

虚拟主机的配置

虚拟主机使用的是特殊的软硬件技术，它把一台允许在因特网上的服务器主机分成多台“虚拟”的主机，每台虚拟主机可以是一个独立的网站，可以具有单独的域名或者具有完整的Internate服务器功能，在同一台主机上的虚拟主机之间是完全独立的。在Nginx中利用虚拟主机，不用为每个运行的网站提供一台单独的Nginx服务器。虚拟主机提供了一台服务器，同一nginx进程上运行多个网站的功能。虚拟主机配置一般包括三种，即基于端口的虚拟主机、基于IP的虚拟主机、基于域名的虚拟主机。本文只介绍基于域名的虚拟主机的配置，如下：

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;
    # 虚拟主机
    server {
        # 监听端口
        listen       80;
        # 主机名称
        server_name  www.garlic.com;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            # 网站文件存放目录
            root   html;
            # 默认首页文件
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

从以上配置可以看出，一个server段对应一个虚拟主机的配置，如果需要配置多个虚拟主机，增加多个server段即可。

Nginx日志切割

在生产环境中，由于访问日志文件增长速度较快，日志太大会严重影响服务器效率，同时，为了方便对日志进行分析，须要对日志文件进行定时切割，定时切割的方式有多种，最常见的是按照天来进行切割。讲到日志切割，首先必须了解日志配置，日志配置的方式如下：

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    # 日志格式
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    # 全局日志配置
    access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  www.garlic.com;

        #charset koi8-r;
        # 针对单个虚拟主机的日志配置
        access_log  logs/garlic.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }
}

日志切割的原理是通过基于Linux的定时任务，然后进行文件的mv操作，通过向nginx主进程发送 kill -USR1 nginx [主进程号]的方式进行日志切割

日志切割脚本

#!/bin/sh

#  log_cut.sh
#  用于实现nginx日志切割
#
#  Created by iOS-Dev on 21/12/2017.
#  

## nginx 日志文件所在目录
LOGS_PATH=/root/opt/nginx/logs

## 获取昨天的日期yyyy-MM-dd
YESTERDAY=$(date -d "yesterday" +%Y-%m-%d)

## 移动文件
mv ${LOGS_PATH}/access.log ${LOGS_PATH}/access_${YESTERDAY}.log

## 向nginx主进程发送USR1信号，USR1 信号是重新打开日志文件
kill -USR1 $(cat /root/opt/nginx/logs/nginx.pid)

常见问题

1. ./configure --prefix=/root/opt/nginx 时提示 C compiler cc is not found

   详细错误信息：

   [root@localhost nginx-1.13.6]# ./configure --prefix=/root/opt/nginx
   checking for OS
   + Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 x86_64
   checking for C compiler ... not found
   
   ./configure: error: C compiler cc is not found

   解决方法：

   yum install gcc

2. ./configure --prefix=/root/opt/nginx时提示./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.

   详细错误信息：

   ./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
   You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
   option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
   statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre= option.

   解决方法：

   yum install pcre-devel

3. ./configure --prefix=/root/opt/nginx时提示./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.

   详细错误信息：

   ./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
   You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
   option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
   statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib= option.

   解决方法：

   yum install zlib-devel