初中英语语法(016)-被动语态
被动语态
被动语态(passive voice)是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、“受”、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。
例如：Tom repairs bikes. - Tom修理单车。(这句话是主动语态)
被动语态为：Bikes are repaired by Tom. - 单车被Tom修理。
被动语态强调的是动作的承受着，而动作的发起者有时可以省略。
1、主动和被动的转换
(1)主动：He praised me. - 他夸奖了我。
被动：I was praised by him. - 我被夸奖了。
一般来说只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有时候一部分不及物动词+介词也可以作为及物动词使用，所以也有被动语态。
例如：
(2)Something happened to me. - 一些事发生在了我身上。
注：happen是不及物动词，没有被动语态，中文里也没有“我被一些事发生了”这样的句式。
(3)I listen to music. - 我听音乐。
被动语态为：The musics are listened to by me. - 音乐被我听。
(4)He takes care of the newcomer to the club. - 他照顾来到俱乐部到新成员。
被动语态为：The new comer to the club is taken care of my him. - 来俱乐部的新成员由他来照顾。
注：例(3)(4)都是不及物动词+及物动词的被动语态。
2、被动语态的时态
被动语态也要区分时态。
1、现在时的被动语态
am/is/are+被动语态
(1)Betty keeps five newborn cats at home. - Betty在家里养了五只新生小猫。
被动语态为：
Five newborn cats are kept by Betty at home. - 五只新生小猫被Betty养在家里
2、过去时的被动语态
(1)They sold many kinds of child seats at the shop. - 在这家商店里，他们卖很多种类的儿童座椅。
Many kinds of child seats were sold (by them) at the shop. - 这家店买很多种类的儿童座椅。(动作的发起者在一些语境中会省略)
(2)The police ran after the thief in the street. - 警察在街上追捕小偷。
The thief was run after by the police in the street. - 小偷在街上被警察追捕。
3、现在进行时的被动语态
am / are / is + being +过去分词
(1)Workers are building the new shopping center. - 工人们正在建这个新的购物中心。
The new shopping center is being building by workers.
4、过去进行时的被动语态
(1)Mr Smith was printing the exam papers. - 史密斯先生正在印试卷。
The exam papers are being printed by Mr Smith.
5、未来时的被动语态
Will + be +过去分词
am/is/are + going to be + 过去分词
(1)They will hold the school sports in October. - 他们会在十月份举办校运动会。
The school sports will be held (by they) in October.
(2)Our class are going to discuss the problem. - 我们班级正要讨论这个问题。
The problem is going to be discussed by our class.
6、其它助动词/情态动词的被动语态
和将来时的被动语态结构相似，即助动词/情态动词+be+过去分词
(1)Every one of us should follow school rules. - 我们每个人都应该遵守校规。
School rules should be followed by every one of us.
注：everyone只能指人，every one of …可以指人可以指物，取决于of后面接的是人还是物。例如：every one of this books…就指物，意为(这些书中的)每一本书。
7、现在完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的结构为：have/has + 过去分词，其被动语态为：have/has + been + 过去分词
(1)The teacher has already punished the naughty boy. - 这个老师已经惩罚了这个顽皮的男孩。
The naughty boy has been already punished by the teacher.
3、被动语态的否定句/疑问句
1、一般疑问句
(1)Did Judy mess up my room? - Judy弄乱了我的房间吗？
转换为被动语态的肯定句为：
My room was messed up by Judy. - 我的房间被Judy弄乱了
转换为被动语态的一般疑问句：
Was my room messed up by Judy?-我的房间被Judy弄乱了吗？
(2)Must I take the cold medicine three times a day? - 这个感冒药我必须每天吃三次吗？
Must the cold medicine be taken by me three times a day?
2、特殊疑问句
(1)What did he catch? - 他抓到了什么？
What was catched by him? - 什么东西被他抓到了？
注：疑问词what有名词属性，所以在这里可以当主语，回答可以是：The lion was. - 是狮子。
(2)When did the boy break the window? - 他什么时候打破了窗户？
When was the window broken by the boy?
(3)—What language is spoken in Spain. - 西班牙说什么语言？
—Spanish is. - 西班牙语。
(4)Who bought the sweater? - 谁买了这件毛衣？
这句话先转换为被动语态的肯定句：
The sweater was bought by him. - 这件毛衣被他买来。
如何对him提问呢？
Who was the sweater bought by? - 这件毛衣是谁买的呢？
3、否定句
(1)They don’t collect recyclable paper every day. - 他们并不每天都回收可回收纸张。
Recyclable paper isn’t collected (by them) every day.
(2)We can’t see a full moon tonight. - 我们看不到满月。
A full moon can’t be seen.
4、特别注意的被动语态
1、动作的发起者并不重要，或者不知道是谁时，通常用被动态且省略by+
(1)Rice is grown in Taiwan. - 台湾种稻米。
(2)My uncle was killed in the war. - 我的叔叔死在战争里。
(3)The novel was translated into many languages. - 这本小说被翻译成很多语言。
2、也有一些句子，不省略动作的发起者，但是也不用b。
例如：
(1)Mr Jackson is know to people in this town. - 杰克森先生在这个小镇上为人所知。
(2)China is know for its good food. - 中国以美食闻名。be know for = be famous for,以…而出名
(3)She is know as a successful singer. - 她作为一个成功的歌唱家很出名。be know as : 作为…很出名。
(4)Those mountains are covered with snow. - 那些山被白雪覆盖。be covered with: 被…覆盖
(5)They are caught in a shower during the barbecue. - 他们烤肉的时候被突如其来的雨淋了。
(6)Shoes are made of leather. - 鞋子由皮革做成。
(7)Bread is made from flour. - 面包由面粉做成。
注：例(6)(7)的区别在于，(6)中皮革变成皮鞋没有质的变化，而面粉变成面包发生了质变。
3、表示“感情/情绪”的被动语态也不用by。
人+be+：
interested in - 对…感兴趣
surprised at - 对…很诧异
astisfied with - 对…很满意
impressed with/by - 对…印象深刻
pleased with - 因为…很愉快
excited about - 对…很兴奋
worried about - 对…很担心
4、授予动词的被动语态
授予动词有两个宾语，也因此有两种被动语态。
(1)The embassy gave me a new passport. - 大使馆给了我一个新的护照。
I was given a new passport by the embassy. - 我被大使馆给了一个新的护照。
A new passport was given to me by the embassy. - 一个新的护照被大使馆给了我。
注：授予动词中，物在人前时介词不可省略，不论是主动语态还是被动语态。只有to在被动语态中可以省略，在主动语态中不可以，其他介词则任何语态中都不可以。
(2)Mom cooked us vegetable soup. - 妈妈给我们煮了蔬菜汤。
被动语态只能是：
vegetable soup was cooked for us by Mom.
而不可以是：
We were cooked…
因为这样看起来像”人被煮“
注：有些授予动词和cook一样，其被动语态不可以以人作主语。
5、主谓宾+宾补结构的被动语态
被动结构为：宾语+be+过去分词+宾补
(1)They painted the board blue. - 他们把木板漆成了蓝色。
The board was painted blue by them.
(2)We selected Jack chairman. - 我们选Jake当主席。
Jack was selected chairman by us.
6、祈使句的被动语态
- 原型动词+宾语
(1)Open the door. - 开门。
Let the door be opened.
- Let + 宾语(人) + 动词原形 + 宾语(物)
(1)Let me tell the truth. - 让我说实话吧。
Let the truth be told by me.
7、使役动词的被动语态
主动——被动：
make/have + 宾语 + do—— make/have + 宾语 + done
let + 宾语 + do —— let + 宾语 + be + done
get + 宾语 + to do——let + 宾语 + done
(1)My mother made / had me run errands for her. - 妈妈让我给她跑腿。
(2)I had my hair cut yesterday. - 我昨天剪了头发。
(3)Let it be done at once. - 马上去做这件事吧。
(4)Mr Lin made me do the work. - 林先生让我做这个工作。(我做工作，主动)
(5)Mr Lin made the work done by me. - 同上。(工作被我做，被动)
(6)I was made to do the work by Mr Lin. - 我被林先生要求去做这个工作。
8、感官动词的被动语态
feel, see, watch等 + 宾语 + Ving(表主动) / 过去分词(表被动)
(1)I saw him beat / beating the little boy. - 我看到他打那个小男孩。
(2)I saw the little boy beaten by him. - 我看到小男孩被他打。
(3)He was seen to beat the little boy by me. - 他打那个小男孩被我看到。(to beat可以换成beating)
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