SQLServer常见查询问题

以下语句是在SQLServer2005上实现的,一些语句无法在SS2000上执行。

 

1. 生成若干行记录
有用指数:★★★★★

常见的问题类型: 根据起止日期生成若干个日期、生成一天中的各个时间段

《SQL Server 2005技术内幕:T-SQL查询》作者建议在数据库中创建一个数据表:
SQL code
     
       

-- 自然数表1-1M
CREATE TABLE Nums(n int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED )
-- 书上介绍了很多种填充方法,以下是最高效的一种,需要SS2005的ROW_NUMBER()函数。
WITH B1 AS ( SELECT n = 1 UNION ALL SELECT n = 1 ), -- 2
B2 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B1 a CROSS JOIN B1 b), -- 4
B3 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B2 a CROSS JOIN B2 b), -- 16
B4 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B3 a CROSS JOIN B3 b), -- 256
B5 AS ( SELECT n = 1 FROM B4 a CROSS JOIN B4 b), -- 65536
CTE AS ( SELECT r = ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY ( SELECT 1 )) FROM B5 a CROSS JOIN B3 b) -- 65536 * 16
INSERT INTO Nums(n)
SELECT TOP ( 1000000 ) r FROM CTE ORDER BY r



有了这个数字表,可以做很多事情,除上面提到的两个外,还有: 生成一批测试数据、生成所有ASCII字符或UNICODE中文字符、等等。

经常有高手使用SELECT number FROM master..spt_values WHERE type = 'P',这是很妙的方法;但这样只有2048个数字,而且语句太长,不够方便。

总之,一个数字辅助表(10万还是100万根据个人需要而定), 你值得拥有。

2. 日历表
有用指数:★★★☆☆

《SQL编程风格》一书建议一个企业的数据库应该创建一个日历表:
SQL code
     
       

CREATE TABLE Calendar(
date
datetime NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ,
weeknum
int NOT NULL ,
weekday
int NOT NULL ,
weekday_desc
nchar ( 3 ) NOT NULL ,
is_workday
bit NOT NULL ,
is_weekend
bit NOT NULL
)
GO
WITH CTE1 AS (
SELECT
date
= DATEADD ( day ,n, ' 19991231 ' )
FROM Nums
WHERE n <= DATEDIFF ( day , ' 19991231 ' , ' 20201231 ' )),
CTE2
AS (
SELECT
date,
weeknum
= DATEPART (week,date),
weekday
= ( DATEPART (weekday,date) + @@DATEFIRST - 1 ) % 7 ,
weekday_desc
= DATENAME (weekday,date)
FROM CTE1)
-- INSERT INTO Calendar
SELECT
date,
weeknum,
weekday,
weekday_desc,
is_workday
= CASE WHEN weekday IN ( 0 , 6 ) THEN 0 ELSE 1 END ,
is_weekend
= CASE WHEN weekday IN ( 0 , 6 ) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
FROM CTE2


这个表可以很容易根据第1条的数字辅助表生成出来。如果经常需要进行日期处理的话,或许会需要这个表。

还可以在这个表中包含一些企业关心的特殊日期,比如开盘日休市日(股票行业)、特殊纪念日和节日、重要员工的生日,等等。这些日期往往是很难计算的,比如中国的法定节假日(农历问题)。


3. 字符串的拼接(Join)与切分(Split)
有用指数:★★★★★

这个问题非常常见!开发中经常需要 把一组值以逗号分隔拼接在一个字符串,或是反过来 把一个逗号分隔的字符串切分成一组值
用SS2005对XML的支持可以非常方便地实现这个功能。

单变量的拼接与切分:
SQL code
     
       

-- 将一组查询结果按指定分隔符拼接到一个变量中
DECLARE @Datebases varchar ( max )
SET @Datebases = STUFF ((
SELECT ' , ' + name
FROM sys.databases
ORDER BY name
FOR XML PATH( '' )), 1 , 1 , '' )
SELECT @Datebases
-- 将传入的一个参数按指定分隔符切分到一个表中
DECLARE @SourceIDs varchar ( max )
SET @SourceIDs = ' a,bcd,123,+-*/=,x&y,<key> '
SELECT v = x.n.value( ' . ' , ' varchar(10) ' )
FROM (
SELECT ValuesXML = CAST ( ' <root> ' +
REPLACE (( SELECT v = @SourceIDs FOR XML PATH( '' )), ' , ' , ' </v><v> ' ) +
' </root> ' AS XML)
) t
CROSS APPLY t.ValuesXML.nodes( ' /root/v ' ) x(n)



批量的拼接与切分:
SQL code
     
       

-- 测试数据:
CREATE TABLE #ToJoin(
TableName
varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL ,
ColumnName
varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL ,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TableName,ColumnName))
GO
CREATE TABLE #ToSplit(
TableName
varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ,
ColumnNames
varchar ( max ) NOT NULL )
GO
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeName ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' HireDate ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' JobCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' ReportToCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobTitle ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' JobLevel ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' DepartmentCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToJoin VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentName ' )
GO
INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblDepartment ' , ' DepartmentCode,DepartmentName ' )
INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblEmployee ' , ' EmployeeCode,EmployeeName,HireDate,JobCode,ReportToCode ' )
INSERT INTO #ToSplit VALUES ( ' tblJob ' , ' DepartmentCode,JobCode,JobLevel,JobTitle ' )
GO

-- 拼接(Join),SQL Server 2005的FOR XML扩展可以将一个列表转成一个字串:
SELECT
t.TableName,
ColumnNames
= STUFF (
(
SELECT ' , ' + c.ColumnName
FROM #ToJoin c
WHERE c.TableName = t.TableName
FOR XML PATH( '' )),
1 , 1 , '' )
FROM #ToJoin t
GROUP BY t.TableName

-- 切分(Split),使用SQL Server 2005对XQuery的支持:
SELECT
t.TableName,
ColumnName
= c.ColumnName.value( ' . ' , ' varchar(20) ' )
FROM (
SELECT
TableName,
ColumnNamesXML
= CAST ( ' <Root> ' + REPLACE (( SELECT ColumnName = ColumnNames FOR XML PATH( '' )), ' , ' , ' </ColumnName><ColumnName> ' ) + ' </Root> ' AS xml)
FROM #ToSplit
) t
CROSS APPLY t.ColumnNamesXML.nodes( ' /Root/ColumnName ' ) c(ColumnName)



需要注意的是,倘若分隔符为“;”或者字符串值中包含XML特殊字符(比如&、<、>等等),以上方法可能会无法处理。


4. 树形结构的存储与查询
有用指数:★★★☆☆

数据库设计中常常会遇到需要存储树形结构,比如员工关系表、组织结构表,等等。

SQL code
     
       

-- 测试数据
CREATE TABLE #Employees(
EmployeeCode
varchar ( 20 ) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ,
ReportToCode
varchar ( 20 ) NULL )
GO
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' A ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' B ' , ' A ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' C ' , ' A ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' D ' , ' A ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' E ' , ' B ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' F ' , ' B ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' G ' , ' C ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' H ' , ' D ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' I ' , ' D ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' J ' , ' D ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' K ' , ' J ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' L ' , ' J ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' M ' , ' J ' )
INSERT INTO #Employees VALUES ( ' N ' , ' K ' )
GO
/*
可能遇到的查询问题:
1. 员工'D'的所有直接下属
2. 员工'D'的所有2级以内的下属(包括直接下属和直接下属的下属)
3. 员工'N'的所有上级(按报告线顺序列出)
4. 员工@EmployeeCode的所有@LevelDown级以内的下属(@EmployeeCode和@LevelDown以变量传入)
DECLARE @EmployeeCode varchar(20), @LevelDown int;
SET @EmployeeCode = 'D';
SET @LevelDown = 2;
5. 员工@EmployeeCode的所有@LevelUp级以内的上级(@EmployeeCode和@LevelUp以变量传入)
DECLARE @EmployeeCode varchar(20), @LevelUp int;
SET @EmployeeCode = 'N';
SET @LevelUp = 2;
*/
-- 用递归CTE实现员工树形关系表
WITH CTE AS (
SELECT
EmployeeCode,
ReportToCode,
ReportToDepth
= 0 ,
ReportToPath
= CAST ( ' / ' + EmployeeCode + ' / ' AS varchar ( 200 ))
FROM #Employees
WHERE ReportToCode IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT
e.EmployeeCode,
e.ReportToCode,
ReportToDepth
= mgr.ReportToDepth + 1 ,
ReportToPath
= CAST (mgr.ReportToPath + e.EmployeeCode + ' / ' AS varchar ( 200 ))
FROM #Employees e
INNER JOIN CTE mgr
ON e.ReportToCode = mgr.EmployeeCode
)
SELECT * FROM CTE ORDER BY ReportToPath




5. IPv4地址的存储与查询
有用指数:★★☆☆☆

IPv4的地址实际上是一个4字节的数据。点分十进制的字符串表示是为了人工读写方便,但范围比较则是原始二进制形式方便。因此需要实现二者的相互转换。

SQL code
     
       

-- 测试数据
CREATE TABLE #IPs(
strIP
varchar ( 15 ) NULL ,
binIP
binary ( 4 ) NULL )
GO
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 0.0.0.0 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 255.255.255.255 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 127.0.0.1 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 192.168.43.192 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 192.168.1.101 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( ' 65.54.239.80 ' , NULL )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0xB92AEAD3 )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x2D4B2E53 )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x31031B0B )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x7C2D5F2F )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x473E5D31 )
INSERT INTO #IPs VALUES ( NULL , 0x90D7D66B )
GO
SELECT
strIP,binIP,
strIP_new
= CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 1 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' +
CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 2 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' +
CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 3 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )) + ' . ' +
CAST ( CAST ( SUBSTRING (binIP, 4 , 1 ) AS int ) AS varchar ( 3 )),
binIP_new
= CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 4 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) +
CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 3 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) +
CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 2 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )) +
CAST ( CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 1 ) AS int ) AS binary ( 1 )),
intIP_new
= CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 1 ) AS bigint ) +
CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 2 ) AS bigint ) * 256 +
CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 3 ) AS bigint ) * 65536 +
CAST ( PARSENAME (strIP, 4 ) AS bigint ) * 16777216 -- int类型也可以,但浪费空间且不直观
FROM #IPs




6. 中文字符处理
有用指数:★★★★☆

SQLServer中文处理涉及到 字符集编码和排序规则,是个非常纠结的问题。参看 这篇博客

SQL code
     
       

-- ASCII字符
SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),u = NCHAR (n) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 32 AND 126
-- UNICODE中文字符
SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),u = NCHAR (n) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 19968 AND 40869
19968 0x4E00
40869 0x9FA5
-- 以下两个条件用来判断字符串是否包含汉字
LIKE N ' %[吖-咗]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_CI_AS
LIKE N ' %[一-龥]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN
-- 这是因为在以上两种不同的排序规则下,汉字的排列顺序是不同的。
--
中文全角标点符号
SELECT n,x = CAST (n AS binary ( 2 )),uq = NCHAR (n),ub = NCHAR (n - 65248 ) FROM Nums WHERE n BETWEEN 65281 AND 65374
SELECT NCHAR ( 12288 ), NCHAR ( 32 )
65281 0xFF01 ! !
65374 0xFF5E ~
-- 以下条件用来判断字符串是否包含全角标点
LIKE N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN



全角半角标点的转换:
SQL code
     
       

-- full2half
CREATE FUNCTION [ dbo ] . [ full2half ] (
@String nvarchar ( max )
)
RETURNS nvarchar ( max )
AS
/*
全角(Fullwidth)转换为半角(Halfwidth)
*/
BEGIN
DECLARE @chr nchar ( 1 )
DECLARE @i int
SET @String = REPLACE ( @String ,N '   ' ,N ' ' )
SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String )
WHILE @i > 0
BEGIN
SET @chr = SUBSTRING ( @String , @i , 1 )
SET @String = REPLACE ( @String , @chr , NCHAR ( UNICODE ( @chr ) - 65248 ))
SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String )
END
RETURN @String
END
GO
CREATE FUNCTION [ dbo ] . [ half2full ] (
@String nvarchar ( max )
)
RETURNS nvarchar ( max )
AS
/*
半角(Halfwidth)转换为全角(Fullwidth)
*/
BEGIN
DECLARE @chr nchar ( 1 )
DECLARE @i int
SET @String = REPLACE ( @String ,N ' ' ,N '   ' )
SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String )
WHILE @i > 0
BEGIN
SET @chr = SUBSTRING ( @String , @i , 1 )
SET @String = REPLACE ( @String , @chr , NCHAR ( UNICODE ( @chr ) + 65248 ))
SET @i = PATINDEX (N ' %[!-~]% ' COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN, @String )
END
RETURN @String
END
GO

7. binary字符串
有用指数:★☆☆☆☆

0x1234与'0x1234'的相互转换。很明显,CAST/CONVERT是不行的。

SQL code
     
       

-- string到binary可以用这个系统函数sys.fn_varbintohexstr()(实际上是master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr)
SELECT sys.fn_varbintohexstr( 0x1234 ), ' 0x1234 '
-- binary到string需要自定义函数
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.hexstr2varbin(
@hexstr varchar ( max )
)
RETURNS varbinary ( max )
AS
/*
将表示16进制的字符串转换为2进制类型
--TESTCASES
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin(NULL),NULL
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin(''),0x
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x'),0x
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('30394161'),0x30394161
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x30394161'),0x30394161
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x1A2B3C4D5E6F'),0x1A2B3C4D5E6F
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x1a2b3c4d5e6f'),0x1a2b3c4d5e6f
--UNIMPLEMENTED
SELECT dbo.hexstr2varbin('0x3039416'),0x3039416
*/
BEGIN
DECLARE @value int
DECLARE @ascii int
DECLARE @varbin varbinary ( max )
IF @hexstr LIKE ' 0x% '
SET @hexstr = STUFF ( @hexstr , 1 , 2 , '' )
SET @hexstr = UPPER ( @hexstr )
IF @hexstr NOT LIKE ' %[^0-9A-F]% ' COLLATE Chinese_PRC_BIN
BEGIN
SET @varbin = 0x
WHILE @hexstr <> ''
BEGIN
SET @value = ASCII ( SUBSTRING ( @hexstr , 1 , 1 ))
IF @value <= 57
SET @value = @value - 48
ELSE
SET @value = @value - 55
SET @ascii = @value * 16
SET @value = ASCII ( SUBSTRING ( @hexstr , 2 , 1 ))
IF @value <= 57
SET @value = @value - 48
ELSE
SET @value = @value - 55
SET @ascii = @ascii + @value
SET @varbin = @varbin + CAST ( @ascii AS binary ( 1 ))
SET @hexstr = STUFF ( @hexstr , 1 , 2 , '' )
END
END
RETURN @varbin
END
GO

 

 

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