一. 感想
第一章伊始,作者 Zinsser (vocation) 从他和 Dr. Brock (avocation) 同时出席的一场写作座谈会切入主题。两位作家面对同样的问题,几乎全部给出了截然相反的答案,例如:
Q1:当作家是啥感觉?
Dr. Brock:特别有意思(tremendous fun)!
Zinsser:既不容易,也不有趣,是艰难且孤独的。
Q2:修改是否有必要?
Dr. Brock:完全不需要!
Zinsser:修改是一个必不可少的步骤,而且往往需要不止一次地反复修改。
Q3:如果没有写作的灵感,怎么办?
Dr. Brock:那就停下来,干点别的。等有灵感了,再动笔就好。
Zinsser:对我来说,写作是职业而不是艺术。“没有灵感”只是偷懒的借口,用来自欺欺人罢了。
Q4:如果你感觉很沮丧或是不开心呢?(学生提问)
Dr. Brock:我会去钓钓鱼,散散步。
Zinsser:大概不会的。因为如果写作就是你的工作,你就得每天去写,无论心情好不好,状态在不在。这就像其他职业的人每个工作日都去上班一样。
不胜列举……
如此鲜明的对比,让我们在笑声中意识到,把写作当兴趣和当职业完全是两码事。其实任何感兴趣的事儿,一旦变成饭碗,心态往往会发生明显的变化。大概乐趣和享受的成分也会有所减少,取而代之的是——使命和责任。虽然把兴趣发展为职业有毁掉这一爱好的风险,但我宁愿选择自己喜欢的事情作为职业,至少,工作起来会更有激情。
关于写作,我从今年开始,无论是在工作中还是在业余时间,写作量都陡增。年中的时候就已经突破了十万字大关,这对我来说是史无前例的。可是有时候,就会出现不想写、没得写,或是写出来的东西自己不满意等种种状况。每每这时,我都会以“没有灵感”来解释。我一直觉得这个理由特别理直气壮。因为有感觉的时候,思如泉涌,一篇长长的文章不大一会儿就出炉了。反之,即使坐在电脑前面憋宝半天,一看字数,不到200;一读内容,很想通篇删掉……
可是Zinsser这样一说,我无比是汗颜。仔细想想自己为什么常常没有写作的欲望或思路呢?要么是心不静,人浮躁;要么是思路不清,表述混乱。而这些现象的背后,统统都是自身知识储备不足、输入质量欠佳等等这类客观问题所致,这与主观的灵感有无,其实真没有太大的关系。下次,我争取不给自己找借口了。
写文章,言简意赅很重要。我们大可毫不吝惜地删掉不必要的词汇,循环、重复的结构、华而不实的修饰以及没有意义的术语。Zinsser提到,写出优秀作品的秘密在于,每一句话都是最简洁的。
所以,一篇优秀的作品绝不是第一遍写完就大功告成,反复修改就变得格外重要。写作者在这个过程中需要不断地问自己:我已经把我想表达的内容清晰阐述了吗?能否让读者在第一遍阅读的时候就能够理解它们呢?而这一切的前提是,写作者自己的思维是清晰的。正如Zinsser所说,"Clear thinking becomes clear writing; one can't exist without the other."
此外,我很喜欢第二章结尾的这段话:
Writing is hard work. A clear sentence is no accident. Very few sentences come out right the first time, or even the third time. Remember this in moments of despair. If you find that writing is hard, it’s because it is hard.
是呀,写作本来就并非易事。所有呈现在读者面前的精彩语句,其实都是作者再三修改、斟酌而成的。职业作家尚且如此,我们(作为学习写作的人,可能连写作爱好者都还算不上)就更不要抱有侥幸心理,想着自己轻轻松松便可以写出叫人拍案称赞的文章了。
这让我联想到村上春树的《我的职业是小说家》。看村上先生讲述了他写小说的过程,我很震撼。我惊叹于原来他的作品在完成前,居然要修改这么多遍!而且最后一遍修改前,甚至还要放上不短的一段时间。经过自我释放,他能够更加客观地重新审视自己的作品,甚至还会有新鲜的想法和思路,如此再去修改和进一步完善。
从大刀阔斧地砍,到精雕细琢地修,这样反复推敲过后,才能诞生出言简意赅、精彩绝伦的作品。
二. 字词
1. cadence
(1) 原文:I had long considered him my model as a writer. His was the seemingly effortless style—achieved, I knew, with great effort—that I wanted to emulate, and whenever I began a new project I would first read some White to get his cadences into my ear.
(2) 字典解释:the way someone's voice rises and falls, especially when reading out loud
(3) 造句:During the speech, the cadences are conducive to expressing feelings.
2. upkeep
(1) 原文:E-mail is an impromptu medium, not conducive to slowing down or looking back. It’s ideal for the never-ending upkeep of daily life.
(2) 字典解释:the process of keeping something in good condition
(3) 造句:Soliloquizing is ideal for the upkeep of oral English.
3. bewildered
(1) 原文:As for the students, anyone might think we left them bewildered.
(2) 字典解释:totally confused
(3) 造句:During this class, there is a bewildered expression on Lily's face.
4. clutter
(1) 原文:Clutter is the disease of American writing. We are a society strangling in unnecessary words, circular constructions, pompous frills and meaningless jargon.
(2) 字典解释:
n. a large number of things that are scattered somewhere in an untidy way
vt. to fill your mind with a lot of different things
(3) 造句:When we express our point of view, we should try to avoid clutter.
5. verbiage
(1) 原文:Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking through the verbiage, simply doesn’t know what it means.
(2) 字典解释:speech or writing that has many unnecessary words in it
(3) 造句:Rewriting is necessary, so that we can re-examine the article and slough off unimportant verbiage.
6. shoddily
(1) 原文:Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in several ways.
(2) 字典解释:made or done cheaply or carelessly
(3) 造句:These furniture is pretty shoddily made.