一、关于runtime
之前在项目中有遇到过用runtime
解决改变全局字体的问题,所以再一次感受到了runtime
黑魔法的强大,趁现在有机会分享一下对runtime
的一些理解。
在对象调用方法是Objective-C
中经常使用的功能,也就是消息的传递,而Objective-C
是C
的超集,所以和C
不同的是,Objective-C
使用的是动态绑定,也就是runtime
。Objective-C
的消息传递和消息机制也就不多说了,今天主要说的是动态方法,也就是函数的调用。
二、相关的几个函数
下面一张图详细的概括了每个函数调用的先后以及执行的前提
- 1.对象在收到无法解读的消息后,首先会调用所属类的
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
这个方法在运行时,没有找到SEL
的IMP
时就会执行。这个函数是给类利用class_addMethod
添加函数的机会。根据文档,如果实现了添加函数代码则返回YES
,未实现返回NO
。
举个例子,新建了一个工程,首先我在ViewController
这个类中执行doSomething1
这个方法,代码如下
//
// ViewController.m
// RuntimeTest1
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
#import "ViewController.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
@end ```
运行结果
2015-12-24 10:35:37.726 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680
2015-12-24 10:35:37.729 RuntimeTest1[1877:337842] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fe9f3736680'
***** First throw call stack:**
不出意外,程序崩溃,因为没有找到`doSomething`这个方法,下面我们在里面实现 `+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel`这个方法,并且判断如果`SEL` 是`doSomething`那就输出`add method here`
//
// ViewController.m
// RuntimeTest1
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
import "ViewController.h"
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
}
- (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) {
NSLog(@"add method here");
return YES;
}
return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
@end```
继续运行,然后看到log
**2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] add method here**
**2015-12-24 10:47:24.687 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] -[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0**
**2015-12-24 10:47:24.690 RuntimeTest1[2007:382077] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController doSomething]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7f9568c331f0'**
***** First throw call stack:**
可以看到程序依然是崩溃了,但是我们可以看到输出了add method here
,这说明我们 + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
这个方法执行了,并进入了判断,所以,在这儿,我们可以做一下操作,使这个方法得到响应,不至于走到最后- (void)doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)aSelector
这个方法中而崩掉了,接下来,我们继续操作,如下
//
// ViewController.m
// RuntimeTest1
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
#import "ViewController.h"
#import
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self performSelector:@selector(doSomething)];
}
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
if (sel == @selector(doSomething)) {
NSLog(@"add method here");
class_addMethod([self class], sel, (IMP)dynamicMethodIMP, "v@:");
return YES;
}
return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}
void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd) {
NSLog(@"doSomething SEL");
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
@end
导入了
并且在+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
中执行了class_addMethod
这个方法,然后定义了一个void dynamicMethodIMP (id self, SEL _cmd)
这个函数,运行工程,看log
**2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] add method here**
**2015-12-24 11:45:11.934 RuntimeTest1[2284:478571] doSomething SEL**
这时候我们发现,程序并没有崩溃,而且还输出了doSomething SEL
,这时候就说明我们已经通过runtime
成功的向我们这个类中添加了一个方法。关于class_addMethod
这个方法,是这样定义的
OBJC_EXPORT BOOL class_addMethod(Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types)
-
cls
在这个类中添加方法,也就是方法所添加的类 -
name
方法名,这个可以随便起的 -
imp
实现这个方法的函数 -
types
定义该数返回值类型和参数类型的字符串,这里比如"v@:"
,其中v
就是void
,带表返回类型就是空,@
代表参数,这里指的是id(self)
,这里:
指的是方法SEL(_cmd)
,比如我再定义一个函数
int newMethod (id self, SEL _cmd, NSString *str) {
return 100;
}
那么添加这个函数的方法就应该是
ass_addMethod([self class], @selector(newMethod), (IMP)newMethod, "i@:@");
- 2.如果在
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
中没有找到或者添加方法
消息继续往下传递到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
看看是不是有对象可以执行这个方法,我们来重新建个工程,然后新建一个叫SecondViewController
的类,里面有一个- (void)secondVCMethod
方法,如下
//
// SecondViewController.m
// RuntimeTest2
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
#import "SecondViewController.h"
@interface SecondViewController ()
@end
@implementation SecondViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
// Do any additional setup after loading the view.
}
- (void)secondVCMethod {
NSLog(@"This is secondVC method !");
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
/*
#pragma mark - Navigation
// In a storyboard-based application, you will often want to do a little preparation before navigation
- (void)prepareForSegue:(UIStoryboardSegue *)segue sender:(id)sender {
// Get the new view controller using [segue destinationViewController].
// Pass the selected object to the new view controller.
}
*/
@end
工程结构应该是这样的
现在我想在
ViewController
中调用
- (void)secondVCMethod
这个方法,我们知道
ViewController
和
SecondViewController
并无继承关系,按照正常的步骤去做程序肯定会因为在
ViewController
找不到
- (void)secondVCMethod
这个方法而直接崩溃的
//
// ViewController.m
// RuntimeTest2
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
#import "ViewController.h"
#import
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)];
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
@end
运行结果
**2015-12-24 13:54:44.314 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] -[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10**
**2015-12-24 13:54:44.317 RuntimeTest2[3164:835814] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[ViewController secondVCMethod]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7fc3a8535c10'**
***** First throw call stack:**
现在我们来处理一下这个消息,如下
//
// ViewController.m
// RuntimeTest2
//
// Created by HenryCheng on 15/12/24.
// Copyright © 2015年 www.igancao.com All rights reserved.
//
#import "ViewController.h"
#import
@interface ViewController ()
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self performSelector:@selector(secondVCMethod)];
}
- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
Class class = NSClassFromString(@"SecondViewController");
UIViewController *vc = class.new;
if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@"secondVCMethod")) {
NSLog(@"secondVC do this !");
return vc;
}
return nil;
}
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {
return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
[super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
// Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}
@end
运行结果
**2015-12-24 14:00:34.168 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] secondVC do this !**
**2015-12-24 14:00:34.169 RuntimeTest2[3284:870957] This is secondVC method !**
我们会发现- (void)secondVCMethod
这个方法执行了,程序也并没有崩溃,原因就是在这一步
- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
Class class = NSClassFromString(@"SecondViewController");
UIViewController *vc = class.new;
if (aSelector == NSSelectorFromString(@"secondVCMethod")) {
NSLog(@"secondVC do this !");
return vc;
}
return nil;
}
在没有找到- (void)secondVCMethod
这个方法的时候,消息继续传递,直到- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
,然后我在里面创建了一个SecondViewController
的对象,并且判断如果有这个方法,就返回SecondViewController
的对象。这个函数就是消息的转发,在这儿我们成功的把消息传给了SecondViewController
,然后让它来执行,所以就执行了那个方法。同时,也相当于完成了一个多继承!
三、最后一点
当然,还有好几个函数,在上面那张图里面已经清晰的表达了,有兴趣的可以自己试试,看看消息的传递顺序到底是怎么样的。上面提到的这些只是runtime
的冰山一角,runtime
黑魔法的强大远不止于此,比如方法的调配(Method Swizzling
)等,在项目实战中还是很有用的,后面有时间会再介绍.
参考
- Objective-C Runtime Reference
- Objective-C Runtime Programming Guide