gopacket简介
gopacket是google出品的golang三方库,质量还是靠的住,项目地址为:github.com/google/gopacket
gopacket到底是什么呢?是个抓取网络数据包的库,这么说可能还有点抽象,但是抓包工具大家可能都使用过。
Windows平台下有Wireshark抓包工具,其底层抓包库是npcap(以前是winpcap);
Linux平台下有Tcpdump,其抓包库是libpcap;
而gopacket库可以说是libpcap和npcap的go封装,提供了更方便的go语言操作接口。
对于抓包库来说,常规功能就是抓包,而网络抓包有以下几个步骤:
1、枚举主机上网络设备的接口
2、针对某一网口进行抓包
3、解析数据包的mac层、ip层、tcp/udp层字段等
4、ip分片重组,或tcp分段重组成上层协议如http协议的数据
5、对上层协议进行头部解析和负载部分解析
场景1:网络流量分析
对网络设备流量进行实时采集以及数据包分析。
场景2:伪造数据包
不少网络安全工具,需要伪造网络数据包,填充上必要的协议字段后发送给对端设备,从而达到一些目的。
场景3:离线pcap文件的读取和写入
安装部署
在使用gopacket包时,首先要确保在windows平台下安装了npcap或winpcap,或者是在linux平台下安装了libpcap库。
npcap下载地址:https://nmap.org/npcap/
libpcap下载地址:https://www.tcpdump.org/
下载自己电脑对应的操作系统版本的库
如果不想从官网下载libpcap库的话,也可以采用centos的yum命令或ubuntu的apt get命令来进行安装。
go get github.com/google/gopacket
使用方法
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"github.com/google/gopacket/pcap"
)
func main() {
// 得到所有的(网络)设备
devices, err := pcap.FindAllDevs()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// 打印设备信息
fmt.Println("Devices found:")
for _, device := range devices {
fmt.Println("\nName: ", device.Name)
fmt.Println("Description: ", device.Description)
fmt.Println("Devices addresses: ", device.Description)
for _, address := range device.Addresses {
fmt.Println("- IP address: ", address.IP)
fmt.Println("- Subnet mask: ", address.Netmask)
}
}
}
先调用pcap.FindAllDevs()获取当前主机所有的网络设备,网络设备有哪些属性呢?
// Interface describes a single network interface on a machine.
type Interface struct {
Name string //设备名称
Description string //设备描述信息
Flags uint32
Addresses []InterfaceAddress //网口的地址信息列表
}
// InterfaceAddress describes an address associated with an Interface.
// Currently, it's IPv4/6 specific.
type InterfaceAddress struct {
IP net.IP
Netmask net.IPMask // Netmask may be nil if we were unable to retrieve it.
Broadaddr net.IP // Broadcast address for this IP may be nil
P2P net.IP // P2P destination address for this IP may be nil
}
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/google/gopacket"
"github.com/google/gopacket/pcap"
"log"
"time"
)
var (
device string = "eth0"
snapshot_len int32 = 1024
promiscuous bool = false
err error
timeout time.Duration = 30 * time.Second
handle *pcap.Handle
)
func main() {
// 打开某一网络设备
handle, err = pcap.OpenLive(device, snapshot_len, promiscuous, timeout)
if err != nil {log.Fatal(err) }
defer handle.Close()
// Use the handle as a packet source to process all packets
packetSource := gopacket.NewPacketSource(handle, handle.LinkType())
for packet := range packetSource.Packets() {
// Process packet here
fmt.Println(packet)
}
}
2.1 节中我们枚举了当前主机的所有网络设备,现在需要打开网络设备并进行实时捕获数据包,需调用pcap.OpenLive来打开网络设备,其函数原型如下:
func OpenLive(device string, snaplen int32, promisc bool, timeout time.Duration) (handle *Handle, _ error)
device:网络设备的名称,如eth0,也可以填充pcap.FindAllDevs()返回的设备的Name
snaplen: 每个数据包读取的最大长度 the maximum size to read for each packet
promisc:是否将网口设置为混杂模式,即是否接收目的地址不为本机的包
timeout:设置抓到包返回的超时。如果设置成30s,那么每30s才会刷新一次数据包;设置成负数,会立刻刷新数据包,即不做等待
函数返回值:是一个*Handle类型的返回值,可能作为gopacket其他函数调用时作为函数参数来传递。
注意事项:
一定要记得释放掉handle,如文中的defer handle.Close()。
packetSource := gopacket.NewPacketSource(handle, handle.LinkType())
第一个参数为OpenLive的返回值,指向Handle类型的指针变量handle。
第二个参数为handle.LinkType()此参数默认是以太网链路,一般我们抓包,也是从2层以太网链路上抓取。
//packetSource.Packets()是个channel类型,此处是从channel类型的数据通道中持续的读取网络数据包
for packet := range packetSource.Packets() {
// Process packet here
fmt.Println(packet)
}
我们可以获取原始数据包,并尝试将其强制转换为已知格式。如ethernet、IP和TCP层。
Layers包是gopacket的Go库中的新功能,在底层libpcap库中不存在。它是gopacket库的非常有用的一部分。它允许我们轻松地识别数据包是否包含特定类型的层。这个代码示例将演示如何使用layers包来查看包是否是ethernet、IP和TCP,以及如何轻松访问这些头中的字段。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/google/gopacket"
"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
"github.com/google/gopacket/pcap"
"log"
"strings"
"time"
)
var (
device string = "eth0"
snapshotLen int32 = 1024
promiscuous bool = false
err error
timeout time.Duration = 30 * time.Second
handle *pcap.Handle
)
func main() {
// Open device
handle, err = pcap.OpenLive(device, snapshotLen, promiscuous, timeout)
if err != nil {log.Fatal(err) }
defer handle.Close()
packetSource := gopacket.NewPacketSource(handle, handle.LinkType())
for packet := range packetSource.Packets() {
printPacketInfo(packet)
}
}
func printPacketInfo(packet gopacket.Packet) {
// Let's see if the packet is an ethernet packet
// 判断数据包是否为以太网数据包,可解析出源mac地址、目的mac地址、以太网类型(如ip类型)等
ethernetLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeEthernet)
if ethernetLayer != nil {
fmt.Println("Ethernet layer detected.")
ethernetPacket, _ := ethernetLayer.(*layers.Ethernet)
fmt.Println("Source MAC: ", ethernetPacket.SrcMAC)
fmt.Println("Destination MAC: ", ethernetPacket.DstMAC)
// Ethernet type is typically IPv4 but could be ARP or other
fmt.Println("Ethernet type: ", ethernetPacket.EthernetType)
fmt.Println()
}
// Let's see if the packet is IP (even though the ether type told us)
// 判断数据包是否为IP数据包,可解析出源ip、目的ip、协议号等
ipLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4)
if ipLayer != nil {
fmt.Println("IPv4 layer detected.")
ip, _ := ipLayer.(*layers.IPv4)
// IP layer variables:
// Version (Either 4 or 6)
// IHL (IP Header Length in 32-bit words)
// TOS, Length, Id, Flags, FragOffset, TTL, Protocol (TCP?),
// Checksum, SrcIP, DstIP
fmt.Printf("From %s to %s\n", ip.SrcIP, ip.DstIP)
fmt.Println("Protocol: ", ip.Protocol)
fmt.Println()
}
// Let's see if the packet is TCP
// 判断数据包是否为TCP数据包,可解析源端口、目的端口、seq序列号、tcp标志位等
tcpLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeTCP)
if tcpLayer != nil {
fmt.Println("TCP layer detected.")
tcp, _ := tcpLayer.(*layers.TCP)
// TCP layer variables:
// SrcPort, DstPort, Seq, Ack, DataOffset, Window, Checksum, Urgent
// Bool flags: FIN, SYN, RST, PSH, ACK, URG, ECE, CWR, NS
fmt.Printf("From port %d to %d\n", tcp.SrcPort, tcp.DstPort)
fmt.Println("Sequence number: ", tcp.Seq)
fmt.Println()
}
// Iterate over all layers, printing out each layer type
fmt.Println("All packet layers:")
for _, layer := range packet.Layers() {
fmt.Println("- ", layer.LayerType())
}
///.......................................................
// Check for errors
// 判断layer是否存在错误
if err := packet.ErrorLayer(); err != nil {
fmt.Println("Error decoding some part of the packet:", err)
}
}
仅仅以此处tcp部分的代码详细解析下
// 判断数据包是否为TCP数据包,可解析源端口、目的端口、seq序列号、tcp标志位等
tcpLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeTCP)
if tcpLayer != nil {
fmt.Println("TCP layer detected.")
tcp, _ := tcpLayer.(*layers.TCP)
fmt.Printf("From port %d to %d\n", tcp.SrcPort, tcp.DstPort)
}
此处需要研究下源代码中数据结构,以防理解错误
type Packet interface {
// Layer returns the first layer in this packet of the given type, or nil
Layer(LayerType) Layer //根据给定的类型,在数据包中寻找其第一个层
}
//看看Layer的结构
type Layer interface {
// LayerType is the gopacket type for this layer.
LayerType() LayerType
// LayerContents returns the set of bytes that make up this layer.
LayerContents() []byte
// LayerPayload returns the set of bytes contained within this layer, not
// including the layer itself.
LayerPayload() []byte
}
//tcp数据包格式
type TCP struct {
BaseLayer
SrcPort, DstPort TCPPort
Seq uint32
Ack uint32
DataOffset uint8
FIN, SYN, RST, PSH, ACK, URG, ECE, CWR, NS bool
Window uint16
Checksum uint16
Urgent uint16
sPort, dPort []byte
Options []TCPOption
Padding []byte
opts [4]TCPOption
tcpipchecksum
}
TCP结构体是实现了Layer接口的,其实Ethernet,IPV4,UDP等结构体也实现了Layer接口
在上述代码中,我们调用函数时,传入的LayerType协议层的类型为layers.LayerTypeTCP,函数返回值为interface类型,必须转换成TCP结构体
tcp, _ := tcpLayer.(*layers.TCP)
tcp是layers.TCP这个具体类型的指针,通过tcp则可以获取数据包中tcp协议的相关字段。
自定义层有助于实现当前不包含在gopacket layers包中的协议。
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/google/gopacket"
)
// 创建自定义层数据结构,并实现Layer接口中的函数LayerType()、LayerContents()、LayerPayload()
type CustomLayer struct {
// This layer just has two bytes at the front
SomeByte byte
AnotherByte byte
restOfData []byte
}
// 注册自定义层类型,然后我们才可以使用它
// 第一个参数是ID. 自定义层使用大于2000的数字,它必须是唯一的
var CustomLayerType = gopacket.RegisterLayerType(
2001,
gopacket.LayerTypeMetadata{
"CustomLayerType",
gopacket.DecodeFunc(decodeCustomLayer),
},
)
//自定义层实现LayerType
func (l CustomLayer) LayerType() gopacket.LayerType {
return CustomLayerType
}
//自定义层实现LayerContents
func (l CustomLayer) LayerContents() []byte {
return []byte{l.SomeByte, l.AnotherByte}
}
//自定义层实现LayerPayload
func (l CustomLayer) LayerPayload() []byte {
return l.restOfData
}
//实现自定义的解码函数
func decodeCustomLayer(data []byte, p gopacket.PacketBuilder) error {
p.AddLayer(&CustomLayer{data[0], data[1], data[2:]})
return p.NextDecoder(gopacket.LayerTypePayload)
}
func main() {
rawBytes := []byte{0xF0, 0x0F, 65, 65, 66, 67, 68}
packet := gopacket.NewPacket(
rawBytes,
CustomLayerType,
gopacket.Default,
)
fmt.Println("Created packet out of raw bytes.")
fmt.Println(packet)
// Decode the packet as our custom layer
customLayer := packet.Layer(CustomLayerType)
if customLayer != nil {
fmt.Println("Packet was successfully decoded with custom layer decoder.")
customLayerContent, _ := customLayer.(*CustomLayer)
// Now we can access the elements of the custom struct
fmt.Println("Payload: ", customLayerContent.LayerPayload())
fmt.Println("SomeByte element:", customLayerContent.SomeByte)
fmt.Println("AnotherByte element:", customLayerContent.AnotherByte)
}
}
结合上述代码可知,实现自定义的层需要3步:
1、创建自定义层的结构体,并实现Layer接口中的函数LayerType()、LayerContents()、LayerPayload()
2、按照解码函数签名来实现自定义解码函数,名称可自行命名。
解码函数签名如下:
type DecodeFunc func([]byte, PacketBuilder) error
3、使用gopacket.RegisterLayerType函数来注册自定义层
为什么需要tcp流重组?
package main
import (
"bufio"
"flag"
"io"
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/google/gopacket"
"github.com/google/gopacket/examples/util"
"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
"github.com/google/gopacket/pcap"
"github.com/google/gopacket/tcpassembly"
"github.com/google/gopacket/tcpassembly/tcpreader"
)
var iface = flag.String("i", "eth0", "Interface to get packets from")
var snaplen = flag.Int("s", 1600, "SnapLen for pcap packet capture")
// Build a simple HTTP request parser using tcpassembly.StreamFactory and tcpassembly.Stream interfaces
// httpStreamFactory implements tcpassembly.StreamFactory
type httpStreamFactory struct{}
// httpStream will handle the actual decoding of http requests.
type httpStream struct {
net, transport gopacket.Flow
r tcpreader.ReaderStream
}
func (h *httpStreamFactory) New(net, transport gopacket.Flow) tcpassembly.Stream {
hstream := &httpStream{
net: net,
transport: transport,
r: tcpreader.NewReaderStream(),
}
go hstream.run() // Important... we must guarantee that data from the reader stream is read.
// ReaderStream implements tcpassembly.Stream, so we can return a pointer to it.
return &hstream.r
}
func (h *httpStream) run() {
buf := bufio.NewReader(&h.r)
for {
req, err := http.ReadRequest(buf)
if err == io.EOF {
// We must read until we see an EOF... very important!
return
} else if err != nil {
log.Println("Error reading stream", h.net, h.transport, ":", err)
} else {
bodyBytes := tcpreader.DiscardBytesToEOF(req.Body)
req.Body.Close()
log.Println("Received request from stream", h.net, h.transport, ":", req, "with", bodyBytes, "bytes in request body")
}
}
}
func main() {
defer util.Run()()
var handle *pcap.Handle
var err error
// Set up pcap packet capture
handle, err = pcap.OpenLive(*iface, int32(*snaplen), true, pcap.BlockForever)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Set up assembly
streamFactory := &httpStreamFactory{}
streamPool := tcpassembly.NewStreamPool(streamFactory)
assembler := tcpassembly.NewAssembler(streamPool)
// Read in packets, pass to assembler.
packetSource := gopacket.NewPacketSource(handle, handle.LinkType())
packets := packetSource.Packets()
ticker := time.Tick(time.Minute)
for {
select {
case packet := <-packets:
if packet.NetworkLayer() == nil || packet.TransportLayer() == nil || packet.TransportLayer().LayerType() != layers.LayerTypeTCP {
log.Println("Unusable packet")
continue
}
tcp := packet.TransportLayer().(*layers.TCP)
//将数据包进行重组
assembler.AssembleWithTimestamp(packet.NetworkLayer().NetworkFlow(), tcp, packet.Metadata().Timestamp)
case <-ticker:
//每隔一分钟,刷新之前两分钟内不活动的连接
assembler.FlushOlderThan(time.Now().Add(time.Minute * -2))
}
}
}
基本步骤如下:
1、创建httpStreamFactory结构体,实现tcpassembly.StreamFactory接口
2、创建连接池
streamPool := tcpassembly.NewStreamPool(streamFactory)
3、创建重组器
assembler := tcpassembly.NewAssembler(streamPool)
4、将数据包添加到重组器中
assembler.AssembleWithTimestamp(packet.NetworkLayer().NetworkFlow(), tcp, packet.Metadata().Timestamp)
总结
首先,gopacket库是google大厂背书,从使用文档、质量、社区活跃度来说都很不错
其次,使用方式简单,扩展性好。gopacket提供了自定义的接口,可根据自身需要进行定制化开发
最后,gopacket定义的layers齐全,如果是实时捕获数据后进行协议解析,采用其内置的layer即可,无需自己手动去解析繁杂的协议了。
更多请查看:https://github.com/tidwall/gjson
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