LVM和磁盘配额
LVM
LVM概述
LVM是linux操作系统中对磁盘分区进行管理的一种逻辑机制，能够在保持现有数据不变的情况下动态调整磁盘容量，从而增强磁盘管理的灵活性
LVM管理
PV（物理卷）
物理卷是LVM机制的基本存储设备，通常对应为一个普通分区或整个硬盘
VG（卷组）
由一个或多个物理卷组成一个整体，即称为卷组，在卷组中可以动态地添加或移除物理卷
LV（逻辑卷）
逻辑卷建立在卷组之上，与物理卷没有直接关系。每一个卷组就是一个整体，从这个整体中“切出”一小块空间，作为用户创建文件系统的基础，这一小块空间就称为逻辑卷
PE（物理区域）
物理区域是物理卷中可用于分配的最小存储单元，默认4M
LVM建立步骤
1）①创建物理卷
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
②查看是否创建成功
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <79.00g 4.00m
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 20.00g 20.00g
[root@localhost ~]#
2）①创建卷组
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb
Volume group "vg01" successfully created
②查看是否创建成功
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos 1 2 0 wz--n- <79.00g 4.00m
vg01 1 0 0 wz--n- <20.00g <20.00g
[root@localhost ~]#
3）①创建逻辑卷
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -n lg01 -L 5G vg01
Logical volume "lg01" created.
②查看是否创建成功
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos -wi-ao---- <75.12g
swap centos -wi-ao---- <3.88g
lg01 vg01 -wi-a----- 5.00g
4）格式化并挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg01/lg01
meta-data=/dev/vg01/lg01 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=327680 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=1310720, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /lv01
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg01/lg01 /lv01
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root 76G 5.0G 71G 7% /
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 13M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
tmpfs 378M 12K 378M 1% /run/user/42
/dev/mapper/vg01-lg01 5.0G 33M 5.0G 1% /lv01
[root@localhost ~]#
LVM扩展操作
1)移除逻辑卷
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove vg01 /dev/vg01/lg01
Logical volume vg01/lg01 contains a filesystem in use.
[root@localhost ~]# umount /lv01
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove vg01 /dev/vg01/lg01
Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg01/lg01? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lg01" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]#
2) 移除卷组
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove vg01
Volume group "vg01" successfully removed
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
centos 1 2 0 wz--n- <79.00g 4.00m
[root@localhost ~]#
3）移除物理卷
[root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped.
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <79.00g 4.00m
[root@localhost ~]#
4）扩展卷组
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <79.00g 4.00m
/dev/sdb1 vg01 lvm2 a-- <5.00g <5.00g
/dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g
/dev/sdb3 lvm2 --- <10.00g <10.00g
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend vg01 /dev/sdb2
Volume group "vg01" successfully extended
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <79.00g 4.00m
/dev/sdb1 vg01 lvm2 a-- <5.00g <5.00g
/dev/sdb2 vg01 lvm2 a-- <5.00g <5.00g
/dev/sdb3 lvm2 --- <10.00g <10.00g
[root@localhost ~]#
5）移除卷组中的pv
[root@localhost ~]# vgreduce vg01 /dev/sdb2
Removed "/dev/sdb2" from volume group "vg01"
[root@localhost ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos lvm2 a-- <79.00g 4.00m
/dev/sdb1 vg01 lvm2 a-- <5.00g <5.00g
/dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g
/dev/sdb3 lvm2 --- <10.00g <10.00g
[root@localhost ~]#
6）给现有挂载点扩容
现在挂载点容量为2G
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root 76G 5.0G 71G 7% /
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 13M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 378M 12K 378M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /lv01 //当前挂载为2G
扩容后还显示2G（需要执行扩展命令）
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +2G /dev/vg01/lv01 //扩容+2G
Size of logical volume vg01/lv01 changed from 2.00 GiB (512 extents) to 4.00 GiB (1024 extents).
Logical volume vg01/lv01 successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root 76G 5.0G 71G 7% /
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 13M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 378M 12K 378M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /lv01 //显示2G
扩展生效
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vg01/lv01 //ext4文件系统的命令为 resize2fs
meta-data=/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 524288 to 1048576
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root 76G 5.0G 71G 7% /
devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 13M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
tmpfs 378M 12K 378M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 378M 0 378M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 4.0G 33M 4.0G 1% /lv01
磁盘配额
作用
对用户在指定文件系统（分区）中使用的磁盘空间、文件数量进行限制，以防止个别用户恶意或无意间占用大量磁盘空间，从而保持系统存储空间的稳定性和持续可用性
配置
1）将磁盘以支持配额功能的方式重新挂载
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o remount,usrquota,grpquota /dev/vg01/lv01
[root@localhost ~]#
2）查看功能是否启用
[root@localhost ~]# quotaon -p /dev/vg01/lv01
group quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is off
user quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is off
[root@localhost ~]#
3）创建用户和组的磁盘配额的配置文件
[root@localhost lv01]# quotacheck -cugv /dev/vg01/lv01
quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown.
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/mapper/vg01-lv01 [/lv01] done
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /lv01/aquota.user: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be subtracted.
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /lv01/aquota.group: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be subtracted.
quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /lv01/aquota.user: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be subtracted.
quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /lv01/aquota.group: 没有那个文件或目录. Usage will not be subtracted.
quotacheck: Checked 3 directories and 0 files
quotacheck: Old file not found.
quotacheck: Old file not found.
[root@localhost lv01]# ls
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
[root@localhost lv01]#
4）对zhangsan进行限制
5）开启磁盘配额功能
[root@localhost lv01]# quotaon -u /dev/vg01/lv01
[root@localhost lv01]# quotaon -p /dev/vg01/lv01
group quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is off
user quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is on
[root@localhost lv01]# quotaon -g /dev/vg01/lv01
[root@localhost lv01]# quotaon -p /dev/vg01/lv01
group quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is on
user quota on /lv01 (/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01) is on
[root@localhost lv01]#
6）测试
[zhangsan@localhost lv01]$ touch 1 2 3
dm-2: warning, user file quota exceeded.
[zhangsan@localhost lv01]$ ls
1 2 3 aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
[zhangsan@localhost lv01]$ touch 4
dm-2: write failed, user file limit reached.
touch: 无法创建"4": 超出磁盘限额
[zhangsan@localhost lv01]$ ls
1 2 3 aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
[zhangsan@localhost lv01]$
7）查看zhangsan配额使用成功
[root@localhost /]# quota -u zhangsan
Disk quotas for user zhangsan (uid 1001):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv01
0 2048 3072 3* 2 3 6days
[root@localhost /]#