Python内置函数dir()

dir([object])

Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object.
If the object has a method named dir()
, this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom getattr()
or getattribute()
function to customize the way dir()
reports their attributes.
If the object does not provide dir()
, the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s dict
attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete, and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom getattr()
.
The default dir()
mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information:
If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes.
If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases.
Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes.

The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example:

import struct>>> dir() # show the names in the module namespace['builtins', 'name', 'struct']>>> dir(struct) # show the names in the struct module ['Struct', 'all', 'builtins', 'cached', 'doc', 'file', 'initializing', 'loader', 'name', 'package', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from']>>> class Shape:... def dir(self):... return ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']>>> s = Shape()>>> dir(s)['area', 'location', 'perimeter']

Note
Because dir()
is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class.