Linux网络设置
Linux网络设置
-
- 查看网络配置
- 测试网络连接
- 使用网络配置命令
- 修改网络配置文件
查看网络配置
查看所有活动的网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig //执行ifconfig命令
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 //centos7默认主网卡
inet 192.168.177.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed2:bab2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 6453 bytes 560140 (547.0 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 2847 bytes 473775 (462.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 //环回网卡
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 74 bytes 6368 (6.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 74 bytes 6368 (6.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 //虚拟出的网卡
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:47:38:1b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
查看所有的网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -a
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.177.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed2:bab2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 7314 bytes 633884 (619.0 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 3242 bytes 525591 (513.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens37: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:bc txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2642 bytes 230098 (224.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 773 bytes 89152 (87.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 74 bytes 6368 (6.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 74 bytes 6368 (6.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:47:38:1b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0-nic: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:47:38:1b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
查看指定网络接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 //查看ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.177.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed2:bab2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 6523 bytes 566026 (552.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 2876 bytes 477459 (466.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
在主机的/etc/hosts下面有解析的话，显示主机的IP
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hosts //查看文件内容
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
[root@localhost ~]# hostname -i //显示解析的ip
::1 127.0.0.1
[root@localhost ~]#
查看本机路由表
route / route -n / ip route / ip route show / netstat -r
[root@localhost ~]# route -n //其他命令显示结果相似，此处不在演示
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.177.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.177.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 ens33
[root@localhost ~]#
测试网络连接
测试本机TCP/IP协议是否正常
[root@localhost ~]# ping 127.0.0.1 //ping本地环回口IP，有回包则正常
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
^C
--- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.034/0.053/0.063/0.014 ms
[root@localhost ~]#
测试到网关的是否正常
[root@localhost ~]# ping 192.168.177.2
PING 192.168.177.2 (192.168.177.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.177.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=0.191 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.177.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=0.290 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.177.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=0.274 ms
^C
--- 192.168.177.2 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.191/0.251/0.290/0.047 ms
[root@localhost ~]#
测试DNS是否正常
[root@localhost ~]# ping 114.114.114.114
PING 114.114.114.114 (114.114.114.114) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 114.114.114.114: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=4.94 ms
64 bytes from 114.114.114.114: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=4.39 ms
64 bytes from 114.114.114.114: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=4.68 ms
^C
--- 114.114.114.114 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.390/4.674/4.947/0.234 ms
[root@localhost ~]#
测试www.baidu.com
[root@localhost ~]# ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (180.101.49.12) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 180.101.49.12 (180.101.49.12): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=4.89 ms
64 bytes from 180.101.49.12 (180.101.49.12): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=4.89 ms
64 bytes from 180.101.49.12 (180.101.49.12): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=6.03 ms
^C
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.895/5.276/6.038/0.541 ms
[root@localhost ~]#
ping命令的使用
ping [-dfnqrRv][-c<完成次数>][-i<间隔秒数>][-I<网络界面>][-l<前置载入>][-p<范本样式>][-s<数据包大小>][-t<存活数值>][主机名称或IP地址]
-d 使用Socket的SO_DEBUG功能。
-c <完成次数> 设置完成要求回应的次数。
-f 极限检测。
-i<间隔秒数> 指定收发信息的间隔时间。
-I<网络界面> 使用指定的网络接口送出数据包。
-l<前置载入> 设置在送出要求信息之前，先行发出的数据包。
-n 只输出数值。
-p<范本样式> 设置填满数据包的范本样式。
-q 不显示指令执行过程，开头和结尾的相关信息除外。
-r 忽略普通的Routing Table，直接将数据包送到远端主机上。
-R 记录路由过程。
-s<数据包大小> 设置数据包的大小。
-t<存活数值> 设置存活数值TTL的大小。
-v 详细显示指令的执行过程。
-w <deadline> 在 deadline 秒后退出。
-W <timeout> 在等待 timeout 秒后开始执行。
路由跟踪
[root@localhost ~]# traceroute www.baidu.com //由于被防火墙限制，所以看不到中间经过哪些路由器
traceroute to www.baidu.com (180.101.49.11), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 gateway (192.168.177.2) 0.099 ms 0.110 ms 0.073 ms
2 * * *
3 * * *
4 * * *
。。。
28 * * *
29 * * *
30 * * *
[root@localhost ~]#
使用网络配置命令
停用网络接口
ifdown ens33 / ifconfig ens33 down
[root@localhost ~]# ifdown ens33 //停用网卡之后，导致此网卡不可用，ssh断开
Socket error Event: 32 Error: 10053.
Connection closing...Socket close.
Connection closed by foreign host.
Disconnected from remote host(centos1) at 15:01:26.
Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[C:\~]$
启用网络接口
ifup ens33 / ifconfig ens33 up
[root@localhost ~]# ifup ens33 //启用接口
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.177.3 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed2:bab2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 8843 bytes 767144 (749.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4078 bytes 618367 (603.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[C:\~]$ ssh 192.168.177.3 //新开一个窗口，尝试以ens33地址ssh，成功
Connecting to 192.168.177.3:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.
Last login: Wed May 19 15:00:23 2021 from 192.168.213.1
[root@localhost ~]#
测试环境需要临时修改密码
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 192.168.177.10/24 //临时修改密码，ssh断开
Socket error Event: 32 Error: 10053.
Connection closing...Socket close.
Connection closed by foreign host.
Disconnected from remote host(192.168.177.3:22) at 16:14:57.
Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[C:\~]$
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 //重连，查看网卡信息
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.177.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fed2:bab2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 9268 bytes 807847 (788.9 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 4291 bytes 650158 (634.9 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
测试环静，需要多个ip，可临时创建虚拟网卡
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.177.4/24 //临时创建，重启失效，多块网卡则依次从0开始向上加
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.177.4 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.177.255
ether 00:0c:29:d2:ba:b2 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
[root@localhost ~]#
修改网络配置文件
网卡配置文件在 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ 下
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33 ifdown-ib ifdown-routes ifup-aliases ifup-isdn ifup-sit network-functions
ifcfg-ens37 ifdown-ippp ifdown-sit ifup-bnep ifup-plip ifup-Team network-functions-ipv6
ifcfg-lo ifdown-ipv6 ifdown-Team ifup-eth ifup-plusb ifup-TeamPort
ifdown ifdown-isdn ifdown-TeamPort ifup-ib ifup-post ifup-tunnel
ifdown-bnep ifdown-post ifdown-tunnel ifup-ippp ifup-ppp ifup-wireless
ifdown-eth ifdown-ppp ifup ifup-ipv6 ifup-routes init.ipv6-global
[root@localhost network-scripts]#
修改ens33配置文件
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet //网卡类型:为以太网
PROXY_ METHOD=none //代理方式:关闭状态
BROWSER_ ONLY=no //只是浏览器:否
BOOTPROTO=dhcp //网卡协议DHCP动态主机配置协议
DEFROUTE=yes //默认路由:是
IPV4_ FAILURE_ FATAL=no //否开启IPV4致命错误检测:否
PV6INIT=yes //IPV6是否自动初始化:是
IPV6_ AUTOCONF="yes" //IPV6是否自动配置:是
IPV6_ ADDR _GEN _MODE=stable- privacy // IPV6地址生成模型
stable-privacy是一种生成IPV6的策略
NAME=ens33 //网卡名字(与DEVICE- 致)
UUID=6ac17c2b-473e- -4894-811b-4940ee7bf455 //唯一标识码
DEVICE=ens33 //网卡设备
ONBOOT=yes //开机是否激活网卡
IPADDR=192.168.177.3 //ip地址(static设置 )
NETMASK=255.255.255.0 //子网掩码
GATEWAY= 192.168.177.2 //网关
DNS1=114.114.114.1 14 //dns地址解析（即使只有一个也要写DNS1）