1. SELECT TOP子句
1. SQL Server | MS Access 语法
sekect top number | percent 字段名 from 表名;
2. MySQL 和 Oracle 中的 select top 等价
select * from school limit 8;
select 字段名 | * from 表名 limit number;
select 字段名 | * from 表名 where rownum <= number;
3. MySQL select top percent 实例
在 Microsoft SQL Server 数据库中可执行
select top number percent * from 表名;
2. LIKE语法
select 表名 from where 字段名 like pattern;
例: select school from where name 'G%';G开头的所有名字
[%]在模式的前后定义通配符
select * from school where name like '%k'; 以k结尾
select * from school where name like 'c%'; 以c开头
select * from school where name like '%oo%'; 含有oo
select * from school -> where name like '%00%'; 不含有oo的所有数据
3. 通配符
1. % 替代 0 个或多个字符
select * from 表名 where 字段名 like '值';
select * from school where name like 't%';
2. _ 替代一个字符
select * from 表名 where 字段 like '_值'; 值的首字符用_代替,
select * from school where name like '_ongzhu'; 也可以_ on_zh_
3. [charlist] 字符列中的任何单一字符
select * from 表名 where 字段名 regexp '^[字符]';
select * from school where name regexp '^[ty]';
select * from school where name regexp '^[a-z]'; 选取 name以 a 到 z 字母开头的名字
4. [^charlist] 或 [!charlist] 不在字符列中的任何单一字符
select * from school where name regexp '^[^a-z]'; 选取 name 不以 A 到 H 字母开头的名字
4. 操作符
1. [in]
允许在 where 子句中规定多个值
select * from 表名 where 字段名 in (values1,values2,...);
select * from school where remark in ('keai','eef');
2. [between]
选取介于两个值之间的数据范围内的值
select * from 表名 where 字段名 between value1 and value2;
select * from school where number between 700 and 900;
3. [not between]
选取不在这个范围内的值
select * from 表名 where 字段名 not between value1 and value2;
select * from school where number not between 700 and 900;
4. [带有in 的 between]
select * from 表名 where (字段名 between value and value ) and not 字段名 in ( 'value','value');
select * from school where (字段名 between value and value ) and not 字段名 in ( 'value','value');
5. [带有文本值的not between]
select * from 表名 where 字段名 not between '值' and '值';
select * from school where name not between 'a' and 'h';
6. [带有日期值的between]
select * from 表名 where date between '日期值' and ‘日期值’;
select * from dates where date bewttn '2017-03-25' and '2017-04-19';
7. [union]
操作符合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果
select 字段名 from 表1 union select 字段名 from 表2 order by 字段名; 三个字段名为同名
select country from website union select country from apps order by country;
8. [union all]
选取所有的country
select 字段名 from 表1 union all select 字段名 from 表2 order by 字段名; 三个字段名为同名
select country from website union all select country from apps order by country;
9. [带有where 的 union all]
选取所有的某一个值
select 字段名 , 字段名 from 表1 where 字段名='值' union all select 字段名, 字段名 from 表2 where 字段名='值' order by 字段名; 三个字段名为同名
select country, name from website where country='CN' union all select country, appname from apps where country='CN' order by country;
5. SQL别名
1. [列别名]
select 字段名 as 别名 from 表名;
select count as number from dates;
多列合一列如下:
select name, concat(字段名, ',' , 字段名,.....)as 别名 from 表名;
select name, concat (name, ',' , count) as nc from dates;
2. [表别名]
select 别名.字段名,别名.字段名,别名.字段名,... from 表名 as 别名 where 别名.字段名='值';
select d.id, d.name, d.count, d.date from dates as d where d.name='safari';
[下面的情况下使用别名很有用:]
- 在查询中涉及超过一个表
- 在查询中使用了函数
- 列名称很长或者可读性差
- 需要把两个列或者多个列结合在一起
3. SQL JOIN
1. 可以使用的不同的 SQL JOIN 类型:
** INNER JOIN**
如果表中有至少一个匹配,则返回行
select 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, ... from 表名1 inner join 表名2 on 表名1.字段名=表名2.字段名;
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates inner join log on dates.id=log.sid;
or
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates join log on dates.id=log.sid;
LEFT JOIN
即使右表中没有匹配,也从左表返回所有的行
select 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, ... from 表名1 left join 表名2 on 表名1.字段名=表名2.字段名;
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates left join log on dates.id=log.sid;
or
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates left outer join log on dates.id=log.sid;
** RIGHT JOIN**
即使左表中没有匹配,也从右表返回所有的行
select 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, ... from 表名1 right join 表名2 on 表名1.字段名=表名2.字段名;
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates right join log on dates.id=log.sid;
or
select dates.id, dates.name, dates.date, log.alexa from dates right outer join log on dates.id=log.sid;
FULL OUTDER JOIN
只要其中一个表中存在匹配,则返回行
MySQL中不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN,可以在 SQL Server 测试以下实例。
select 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, 表名.字段名, ... from 表名1 full outer join 表名2 on 表名1.字段名=表名2.字段名 order by 表2.字段名 desc;
select dates.name, dates.date, log.count from dates full outer join log on dates.id=log.sid order by log.count desc;
4. INSERT INTO SELECT
复制A表中的数据到B表
insert into A表 (字段名,字段名,...) select 字段名,字段名 from B表;
insert into website (name, country) select appname, country from apps;