Linux grep、egrep使用命令详解

grep egrep区别

grep 默认不支持扩展 但可以通过-E 选择来支持扩展正则
egrep 支持扩展正则

关于正则与扩展正则的区别可以看我另一篇shell 正则的介绍
文件处理顺序 以行为单位,逐行进行处理
默认只输出与表达式相匹配的文本行

基本用法
- 格式1:egrep [选择] '正则表达式' 文件
- 格式2:前置命令 | egrep [选择] '正则表达式'

• egrep命令工具 (扩展正则命令)

• 常用命令选项

  • -E,grep 支持扩展正则 egrep不需要
  • -v,取反匹配
  • -i,忽略大小写
  • -c,统计匹配行数
  • -q,静默输出,无任何输出,一般用于检测
  • -n,显示出匹配结果所在的行号
  • --color,标红显示匹配字串
  • -w 完全匹配
  • -m 匹配指定前n行

•grep 正则表达式,用来查找过滤文档的工具符号
grep "root" user //在user文档中查找有单词root的行
grep "^root" user //在user文档中查找以单词root开头的行
grep "bash$" user //在user文档中查找以单词bash结尾的行
grep "^$" user //查找空行
grep "^ " user //查找以空格开头的行
grep "[rot]" user //查找字母r或者o或者t
grep "roo[tn]" user //查找root或者roon
grep "1" user //查找字母r或者o或者t之外的内容
grep "[a-z]" user //查找小写字母
grep "[A-Z]" user //查找大写字母
grep "[a-Z]" user //查找所有字母
grep "[0-9]" user //查找数字

grep "r..t" user //查找以r开头t结尾中间有2个任意字符的单词
grep "r." user //查找以r开头后面任意字符 相当手通配符
grep "ro*" user //查找以r开头后面有或没有字母o的单词,o可以出现任意次
grep "o{1,2}" user //查找o出现1次到2次的行
grep "o{2,3}" user //查找o出现2次到3次的行
grep "o{2}" user //查找o出现2次的行
grep "o{1,} " user //查找o出现1次以及1次以上
grep "(:0){2}" user //查找:0(数字零)连续出现2次的行
扩展正则
egrep "o+" user //查找o出现1次以及1次以上
egrep "o?" user //查找o出现0次或1次
egrep "o{1,2}" user //查找o出现1次到2次的行
egrep "o{2,3}" user //查找o出现2次到3次的行
egrep "o{2}" user //查找o出现2次的行
egrep "o{1,}" user //查找o出现1次以及1次以上
egrep "(:0){2}" user //查找:0(数字零)连续出现2次的行
egrep "bash|nologin" user //查找bash或者nologin
egrep "\bthe\b" a //查找单词the,前后是空格或者特殊符号

案例:

正则表达式匹配练习

1)典型的应用场合:grep、egrep检索文本行

grep命令不带-E选项时,支持基本正则匹配模式。比如“word”关键词检索、“^word”匹配以word开头的行、“word$”匹配以word结尾的行……等等。
输出以“r”开头的用户记录:

[root@case100 ~]# grep '^r'   /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/b

输出以“localhost”结尾的行:

[root@case100 ~]# grep 'localhost$'   /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1    localhost localhost

若希望在grep检索式同时组合多个条件,比如输出以“root”或者以“daemon”开头的行:

[root@case100 ~]# grep '^root|^daemon'  /etc/passwd          //搜索无结果
[root@case100 ~]#

而若若使用grep -E或egrep命令,可支持扩展正则匹配模式,能够自动识别 |、{} 等扩展正则表达式中的特殊字符,用起来更加方便,比如:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '^root|^daemon'  /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

或者

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '^(root|daemon)'  /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

使用grep -E 与 使用egrep命令完全等效,推荐使用后者,特别是涉及到复杂的正则表达式的时候。

2)grep、egrep命令的-q选项

选项 -q 表示 quiet(静默)的意思,结合此选项可以只做检索而并不输出,通常在脚本内用来识别查找的目标是否存在,通过返回状态 $? 来判断,这样可以忽略无关的文本信息,简化脚本输出。
比如,检查/etc/hosts文件内是否存在192.168.4.4的映射记录,如果存在则显示“YES”,否则输出“NO”,一般会执行:

[root@case100 ~]# grep '^192.168.4.4'  /etc/hosts && echo "YES"|| echo "NO"
192.168.4.4     case100.tarena.com case100
YES

这样grep的输出信息和脚本判断后的提示混杂在一起,用户不易辨别,所以可以改成以下操作:

[root@case100 ~]# grep -q '^192.168.4.4'  /etc/hosts && echo "YES"|| echo "NO"
YES

是不是清爽多了,从上述结果也可以看到,使用 -q 选项的效果与使用 &> /dev/null的效果类似。

3)基本元字符 ^、$ —— 匹配行首、行尾

输出注释的配置行(以#开头的行):

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '^#'  /etc/inittab

统计本地用户中登录Shell为“/sbin/nologin”的用户个数:
提示: -m10仅在文件的前10行中过滤,后面的行不再过滤。

[root@case100 ~]# egrep -m10  '/sbin/nologin$'  /etc/passwd  //先确认匹配正确
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

结合 -c 选项输出匹配的行数

[root@case100 ~]# egrep -c '/sbin/nologin$'  /etc/passwd
32  

使用 -c 选项可输出匹配行数,这与通过管道再 wc -l的效果是相同的,但是写法更简便。比如,统计使用“/bin/bash”作为登录Shell的正常用户个数,可执行:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep -c '/bin/bash$'  /etc/passwd
26

或者

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '/bin/bash$'   /etc/passwd | wc -l
26

4)基本元字符 . —— 匹配任意单个字符

以/etc/rc.local文件为例,确认文本内容:

[root@case100 ~]# cat  /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
输出/etc/rc.local文件内至少包括一个字符(\n换行符除外)的行,即非空行:
[root@case100 ~]# egrep '.'/etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local

输出/etc/rc.local文件内的空行(用 –v 选项将条件取反):

[root@case100 ~]# egrep -v '.'   /etc/rc.local
[root@case100 ~]#
上述取空行的操作与下列操作效果相同:
[root@case100 ~]# egrep '^$'/etc/rc.local
[root@case100 ~]#

5)基本元字符 +、?、* —— 目标出现的次数

还以/etc/rc.local文件为例:

[root@case100 ~]# cat /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local

输出包括 f、ff、ff、……的行,即“f”至少出现一次:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'f+'  /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

输出包括init、initial的行,即末尾的“ial”最多出现一次(可能没有):

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'init(ial)?'  /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

输出包括stu、stuf、stuff、stufff、……的行,即末尾的“f”可出现任意多次,也可以没有。重复目标只有一个字符时,可以不使用括号:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'stuf*'   /etc/rc.local
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

输出所有行,单独的“.*”可匹配任意行(包括空行):

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '.*'/etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local

输出/etc/passwd文件内“r”开头且以“nologin”结尾的用户记录,即中间可以是任意字符:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '^r.*nologin$'  /etc/passwd
rpc:x:32:32:Portmapper RPC user:/:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

6)元字符 {} —— 限定出现的次数范围

创建一个练习用的测试文件:

[root@case100 ~]# vim brace.txt
ab def ghi abdr
dedef abab ghighi
abcab CD-ROM
TARENA IT GROUP
cdcd ababab
Hello abababab World

输出包括ababab的行,即“ab”连续出现3次:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '(ab){3}' brace.txt
cdcd ababab
Hello abababab World

输出包括abab、ababab、abababab的行,即“ab”连续出现2~4次:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '(ab){2,4}' brace.txt
dedef abab ghighi
cdcd ababab
Hello abababab World

输出包括ababab、abababab、……的行,即“ab”最少连续出现3次:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '(ab){3,}' brace.txt
cdcd ababab
Hello abababab World

7)元字符 [] —— 匹配范围内的单个字符

还以前面的测试文件bracet.txt为例:

[root@case100 ~]# cat brace.txt
ab def ghi abdr
dedef abab ghighi
abcab CD-ROM
TARENA IT GROUP
cdcd ababab
Hello abababab World

输出包括abc、abd的行,即前两个字符为“ab”,第三个字符只要是c、d中的一个就符合条件:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'ab[cd]' brace.txt
ab def ghi abdr
abcab CD-ROM

输出包括大写字母的行,使用[A-Z]匹配连续范围:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '[A-Z]' brace.txt
abcab CD-ROM
TARENA IT GROUP
Hello abababab World
过滤“非小写字母”的其他字符:
[root@case100 ~]# egrep '[^a-z]' brace.txt

8)单词边界匹配

以文件/etc/rc.local为例:

[root@case100 ~]# cat /etc/rc.local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local

输出包括单词“init”的行,文件中“initialization”不合要求:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '\binit\b'  /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

或者:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep '\'  /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

输出包括以“ll”结尾的单词的行,使用 \> 匹配单词右边界:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'll\>'  /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

或者:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep 'll\b'   /etc/rc.local
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.

9)多个条件的组合

通过dmesg启动日志查看蓝牙设备、网卡设备相关的信息:

[root@case100 ~]# egrep -i 'eth|network|bluetooth'   /var/log/dmesg
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Bluetooth: Core ver 2.10
Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized
Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: HCI USB driver ver 2.9
Intel(R)PRO/1000 Network Driver - version 7.3.21-k4-3-NAPI
e1000: eth0: e1000_probe:Intel(R)PRO/1000 Network Connection

  1. rot

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