/* *处理例外 */ --例外简介 --处理例外-传递例外 declare v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; begin SELECT ename INTO v_ename FROM emp where empno=&no; dbms_output.put_line('雇员名:'||v_ename); exception when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('查询只能返回单行'); end; select * from emp; --捕捉并处理例外 DECLARE v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; BEGIN select ename into v_ename from emp where empno=&no; dbms_output.put_line('雇员名:'||v_ename); EXCEPTION when NO_DATA_FOUND THEN dbms_output.put_line('雇员号不正确,请核实雇员号!'); END; --处理预定义例外 --常用预定义例外 --ACCESS_INTO_NULL declare empt emp_type; begin empt.name:='SCOTT'; exception when ACCESS_INTO_NULL THEN dbms_output.put_line('首先初始化对象emp'); end; --CASE_NOT_FOUND DECLARE v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT sal into v_sal from emp where empno=&no; case when v_sal<100 then update emp set sal=sal+100 where empno=&no; when v_sal<200 then update emp set sal=sal+150 where empno=&no; when v_sal<300 then update emp set sal=sal+200 where empno=&no; end case; EXCEPTION when case_not_found then dbms_output.put_line('在CASE语句中缺少与'||v_sal||'相关的条件'); END; select * from emp; --COLLECTION_IS_NULL DECLARE TYPE ename_table_type is table of emp.ename%TYPE; ename_table ename_table_type; BEGIN select ename into ename_table(2) from emp where empno=&no; dbms_output.put_line('雇员名:'||ename_table(2)); EXCEPTION WHEN COLLECTION_IS_NULL then dbms_output.put_line('必须使用构造方法初始化集合元素'); END; --CURSOR_ALREADY_0PEN declare CURSOR emp_cursor is select ename,sal from emp; begin open emp_cursor; for emp_record in emp_cursor loop dbms_output.put_line(emp_record.ename); end loop; exception when cursor_already_open then dbms_output.put_line('游标已经打开'); end; --给dept表加主键 alter table dept add primary key(deptno); select * from dept; --DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX BEGIN UPDATE dept set deptno=&new_no where deptno=&old_no; EXCEPTION when DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN dbms_output.put_line('在deptno列上不能出现重复值'); END; --INVALID_CURSOR DECLARE cursor emp_cursor is select ename,sal from emp; emp_record emp_cursor%ROWTYPE; BEGIN --open emp_cursor; FETCH emp_cursor into emp_record; close emp_cursor; EXCEPTION WHEN invalid_cursor then dbms_output.put_line('请检查游标是否已经打开'); END; --INVALID_NUMBER begin update emp set sal=sal+'1oo'; exception when invalid_number then dbms_output.put_line('输入的数字值不正确'); end; --NO_DATA_FOUND DECLARE v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN select sal into v_sal from emp where lower(ename)=lower('&name'); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN dbms_output.put_line('不存在该雇员'); END; select * from emp; --TOO_MANY_ROWS DECLARE v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; BEGIN select ename into v_ename from emp where sal=&sal; EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line('返回多行'); END; --ZERO_DIVIDE DECLARE num1 int:=100; num2 int:=0; num3 number(6,2); BEGIN num3:=num1/num2; EXCEPTION WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN dbms_output.put_line('分母不能为0'); END; --SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT declare type emp_array_type is varray(20) of varchar2(10); emp_array emp_array_type; begin emp_array:=emp_array_type('SCOTT','MARY'); dbms_output.put_line(emp_array(3)); exception when subscript_beyond_count then dbms_output.put_line('超出下标范围'); end; --SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT DECLARE TYPE emp_array_type is varray(20) of varchar2(10); emp_array emp_array_type; BEGIN emp_array:=emp_array_type('SCOTT','MARY'); dbms_output.put_line(emp_array(-1)); EXCEPTION WHEN SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT THEN dbms_output.put_line('嵌套表和VARRAY下标不能为负'); END; --VALUE_ERROR DECLARE v_ename varchar2(5); BEGIN SELECT ename into v_ename from emp where empno=&no; dbms_output.put_line(v_ename); EXCEPTION when VALUE_ERROR THEN dbms_output.put_line('变量尺寸不足'); END; --处理非预定义例外 --建立主外键约束关系 ALTER TABLE emp ADD CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY (deptno) REFERENCES dept(deptno); --因为在DEPT表和EMP表之间具有主外键关系,所以当修改雇员的部门号时,部门号必须在DEPT表中存在。 --如果该部门号在表中不存在,则会隐含触发ORA-02291对应的例外e_integrity,并显示合理的输出信息。 declare e_integrity EXCEPTION; PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_integrity,-2291); begin update emp set deptno=&dno where empno=&eno; exception when e_integrity then dbms_output.put_line('该部门不存在'); end; --处理自定义例外 declare e_integrity EXCEPTION; PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_integrity,-2291); e_no_employee EXCEPTION; begin update emp set deptno=&dno where empno=&eno; IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN RAISE e_no_employee; END IF; exception when e_integrity then dbms_output.put_line('该部门不存在'); when e_no_employee then dbms_output.put_line('该雇员不存在'); end; --使用例外函数 --SQLCODE和SQLERRM DECLARE v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT ename into v_ename from emp where sal=&v_sal; dbms_output.put_line('雇员名:'||v_ename); EXCEPTION when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('不存在工资为'||&v_sal||'的雇员'); when others then dbms_output.put_line('错误号:'||SQLCODE); dbms_output.put_line(SQLERRM); END; select * from emp; --RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_comm (eno NUMBER,commission NUMBER) IS v_comm emp.comm%TYPE; BEGIN select comm into v_comm from emp where empno=eno; if v_comm is null then raise_application_error(-20001,'该雇员无补助'); end if; EXCEPTION when NO_DATA_FOUND THEN dbms_output.put_line('该雇员不存在'); END; begin raise_comm(8,100); end; select * from emp for update; --PL/SQL编译警告 --PL/SQL警告分类 --分成三类警告消息,PL/SQL警告分类如下 --SEVERE:该种警告用于检查可能出现的不可预料结果或错误结果,例如参数的别名问题 --PERFORMANCE:该类警告用于检查可能引起的性能问题,例如在执行INSERT操作时为NUMBER列提供了VARCHAR2类型的数据 --INFORMATIONAL:该类警告用于检查子程序中的死代码 --ALL:该关键字用于检查所有警告(SEVERE,PERFORMACE,INFORMATIONAL) --检测死代码 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE dead_code AS x number:=10; BEGIN if x=10 then x:=20; else x:=100; --死代码(永远不会执行) end if; END dead_code; --SQL*PLUS上执行如下命令行 alter session set PLSQL_WARNINGS='ENABLE:INFORMATIONAL'; alter procedure dead_code compile; show errors; --检测引起性能问题的代码 CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_sal (name varchar2,salary varchar2) is begin update emp set sal=salary where ename=name; end; --SQL*PLUS上执行如下命令行 ALTER SESSION SET PLSQL_WARNINGS='ENABLE:PERFORMANCE'; ALTER PROCEDURE update_sal compile; show errors;