Notes of Linked Data concept and application - TODO

Motivation

[反正债多了不愁，再开个方向。]

Data plays a core role in most business systems, data storage and retrieval tasks seem plain to regular application developers, even managers, while how to connect or link data to gain more interesting patterns(more technically, data mining) is still roughly hard. Many data processing and analysis frameworks try to solve giant data volume problems, this note is dedicated to record features of data structuring problem in data mining, and pay more attentions on representation, storage, navigation of relationships in data models.

Audience

myself, who also are interested in semantic web techniques.

Scope

support a descriptive running example

linked data concepts

linked data application based on semantic web techniques

find a clue to use Neo4j in semantic web techniques or linked data

Related Notes
Apache Jena Fuseki notes

Progress

2015/06/26 initial plan
2015/06/27 1-5: introduction, FOAF, SPARQL, etc: need review
2015/06/28 6-7: RDFa and RDF storage
2015/06/29 Related Notes - Fuseki

Content

1 introducing Linked Data

5-star scoring system of Linked Data: P.4

The DBpedia project(http://dbpedia.org) extracts this structured data from Wikipedia
articles and puts it on the Web.

Linked Data has one amazing property: it may be easily combined with other
Linked Data to form new knowledge.

Another useful feature of Linked Data is that it’s self-documenting.

Linked Data is no silver bullet. It won’t protect you from issues of data quality or
from service failures.

Linked Data principles

• Use URI s as names for things.
  
• Use HTTP URI s so that people can look up those names.
  
• When someone looks up a URI , provide useful information, using the standards (RDF,SPARQL ).
  
• Include links to other URI s, so people can discover more things.

see more in Tim Berners-Lee's thoughts on Linked Data principles

The Linking Open Data(LOD) project

The LOD project 4 is a community activity started in 2007 by the W3C ’s Semantic Web Education and Outreach (SWEO) Interest Group. The project’s stated goal is to “make data freely available to everyone.”

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2 RDF

commonly used RDF prefixes: P.40

RDF formats

• turtle: human-readable format
  
• RDF/XML: orginal RDF format in XML
  
• RDFa: RDF embedded in HTML attributes
  
• JSON-LD: a newer formaint aimed at web developers

JSON-LD ref1
JSON-LD ref2

RDF in the web
Media types:

RDF Format	Preferred Content-Type	Alternative Content-Type
RDF Turtle file	text/turtle
RDF/XML file	application/rdf+xml
RDFa	text/html
JSON-LD file	application/ld+json	application/json
OWL file	application/owl+xml	application/rdf+xml
N-Triples	application/N-Triples	text/plain

file types and web server

publishing RDF content using Apache HTTP servers:
swbp-vocab-pub

platforms

Linked Data platforms or Semantic Web products, for example Callimachus, see semanticweb tool and sw wiki tool for more products,

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3 comsuming Linked Data

3.1 thinking the Web way

In using structured data, you’re enabling machine readability and indexing of this data.
In interlinking published data on the Web, you’re enabling reuse of your information.

3.2 find Linked Data on the web

a Question: is President Barack Obama a Star Wars fan?

3.3 retrieving Linked Data from web pages

tools for finding distributed Linked Data

• Sindice: the semantic web index
  
• SameAs.org: identify equivalent URI s to the Linked Data URI entered and provide an entry point to perform a Sindice search on a general search term
  
• Data Hub: a community-run catalog of useful sets of Linked Data on the Web

3.4 combine Linked Data from multiple sources

from known datasets

Product DB aims to be the World’s most comprehensive and open source of product data.

Its data including ProductWiki, MusicBrainz, DB pedia, Freebase, and OpenLibrary, and is gathered by search engines’ crawl sites that publish GoodRelations RDFa or Open Graph protocol data in their pages; for example, or example, BestBuy, IMDb, and Spotify.

from web pages using browser plug-ins

Mozilla add-ons: RDFa Developer

You can use the outcome of SameAs.org to help identify a canonical URL for a given item. A canonical URL is the best URL among available choices.

3.5 display Linked Data in HTML

Using Python to crawl the Linked Data Web

example: use the Python scripting language, RDFLib, and html5lib to access the RDF a data available from Best Buy for a sample product, the Darth Vader Alarm Clock Radio.

install python modules:

$ sudo pip install rdflib
$ sudo pip install html5lib

core code snippet:

import rdflib
import html5lib

graph = rdflib.Graph()
result = graph.parse('http://productdb.org/gtin/00681326152002.ttl', format='turtle')

bestBuyGraph = rdflib.Graph()
bestBuyResult = bestBuyGraph.parse('http://purl.org/net/BestBuyDarthVaderClock', format='rdfa')

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4 FOAF

FOAF vocabulary

FOAF profile generator

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5 SPARQL

5.1 SPARQL syntax

Each SPARQL SELECT query is organized as follows:

1. PREFIX (Namespace prefixes.)
   
2. SELECT (Define what you wish to retrieve.)
   
3. FROM (Specify the dataset from which to draw the results.)
   
4. WHERE {
   (Describe the criteria on which to base the selection. This description is in the form of a query triple pattern.)
   }
   
5. ORDER BY , LIMIT , and the like (Modifiers that affect the desired result.)

types of SPARQL queries

5.2 SPARQL endpoint

depedia: an online playground

sample queries:

PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbprop: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>

select ?location
where {
    ?person rdfs:label "George Washington"@en.
    ?location dbprop:namedFor ?person
}
LIMIT 100

Query using Apache Jena ARQ:

JENA_HOME> ./bin/arq --query ./bin/query/location.rq
JENA_HOME> ./bin/arq --query ./bin/query/location.rq --results JSON

Seriously, you should reference [1] as a second try with SPARQL.

windfalls:

Online map generator Google Static Maps

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6 Enhance results for search engines

purpose: provide semantic meaning to web content and enable the extraction of Linked Data. This enables your website to be both machine- and human-readable.

6.1 enhacing HTML with embedding RDFa

RDF in Attributes(RDFa) is a language that allows you to express RDF data within an HTML document.

Specifications:

RDFa 1.1
HTML+RDFa 1.1, Support for RDFa in HTML4 and HTML5

Tool: RDFa 1.1 Distiller and Parser

HTML5 and RDFa support

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html version="HTML+RDFa 1.1" lang="en">
<body id="me"
    prefix="
    rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
    rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
    xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
    dc: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
    foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
    rel: http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/
    stars: http://www.starwars.com/explore/encyclopedia/characters/">

RDFa attributes in HTML5 tags:

• vocab
  
• resource
  
• about
  
• datatype
  
• typeof
  
• prefix
  
• rel
  
• inlist
  
• property
  
• content
  
• rev

6.2 embedding RDFa with a supporting official RDF vocabulary

[1] GoodRelations

GoodRelations is the most widely used RDF vocabulary for e-commerce. It enables you
to publish details of your products and services in a way that search engines, mobile
applications, and browser extensions can utilize the information and improve your click-through rates.

GoodRelations website
GoodRelations' concept model wiki

[2] schema.org

Schema.org is a collaborative initiative by three major search engines: Yahoo!, Bing, and Google.
Its purpose is to create and support a common set of schema for structured data markup on web pages
and to provide a common means for webmasters to mark up their pages so that the search results
are improved and human users have a more satisfying experience.

schema.org specification

6.3 extract RDFa from HTML and applying SPARQL query

RDF extracted from the RDF a-enhanced HTML files can be queried using SPARQL.

TODO: programming procedures not using RDFa 1.1 Distiller and Parser.

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7 RDF datasets

RDF dataset in W3C technology stack

7.1 classification of RDF DB system

RDF abstract view:

RDF as a generic, graph-based data model that represents data in the form of triples. These triples are records containing three values (subject, predicate, object) containing ( URI , URI , URI ) or ( URI , URI , value)

relational DB implemented RDF store:

Category	Description
*Vertical(triple)table stores*	Each RDF triple is stored directly in a three-column table (subject, predicate, object).
*Property(n-ary)table stores*	Multiple RDF properties are modeled as n-ary table columns for a single subject.
*Horizontal(binary)table stores*	RDF triples are modeled as one horizontal table or into a set of vertically partitioned binary tables where each individual table represents an RDF property.

Commonly used triplestores:

• 4Store
  
• Allegro-Graph
  
• BigData
  
• Fuseki
  
• Mulgara
  
• Oracle
  
• OWLIM
  
• Redland RDF Library
  
• Sesame
  
• StarDog
  
• Virtuoso

7.2 battle between RDF storage and RDBMS

omitted :-)

7.3 convert anything to RDF

W3C's index of Converter to RDF tools

application

description:
integrate data from CSV/XML returned web service and local file

tools:

• python
  
• Fuseki

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References

[1] Hebeler J, Fisher M, et al. Web 3.0与Semantic Web编程[M]. 清华大学出版社, 北京.2010.

[2] Wood D., Zaidman M., Ruth L., et al. Linked Data: Structured data on the web[M].Manning Publications Co.: 2014.