对PostgreSQL的 seq scan , bitmap index scan 和 index scan 的进一步理解

开始

参考momjian 的文章:

http://momjian.us/main/writings/pgsql/optimizer.pdf

首先,构造一个数据分布明显倾斜的表(有的值占据了70%以上的分布)

postgres=# CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE sample (letter, junk) AS

postgres-# SELECT substring(relname, 1, 1), repeat('x', 250)

postgres-# FROM pg_class

postgres-# ORDER BY random();

SELECT 291

postgres=# 





postgres=# CREATE INDEX i_sample on sample (letter);

CREATE INDEX

postgres=# 
postgres
=# CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION lookup_letter(text) RETURNS SETOF text AS $$ postgres$# BEGIN postgres$# RETURN QUERY EXECUTE' postgres$# EXPLAIN SELECT letter postgres$# FROM sample postgres$# WHERE letter ='''||$1||''''; postgres$# END postgres$# $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; CREATE FUNCTION postgres=# postgres=# WITH letters (letter, count) AS ( postgres(# SELECT letter, COUNT(*) postgres(# FROM sample postgres(# GROUP BY 1 postgres(# ) postgres-# SELECT letter, count, (count * 100.0 / (SUM(count) OVER ()))::numeric(4,1) AS "%" postgres-# FROM letters postgres-# ORDER BY 2 DESC; letter | count | % --------+-------+------ p | 223 | 76.6 c | 12 | 4.1 s | 9 | 3.1 r | 8 | 2.7 f | 6 | 2.1 d | 5 | 1.7 u | 5 | 1.7 _ | 5 | 1.7 t | 5 | 1.7 v | 4 | 1.4 e | 3 | 1.0 a | 3 | 1.0 i | 2 | 0.7 k | 1 | 0.3 (14 rows) postgres=#

此时,如果不通过 analyze 来更新统计信息,得到的 执行计划是不准确的。所以先要更新统计信息:

postgres=#analyze sampel;

postgres=#

然后,再来看执行的情况:

[作者:技术者高健@博客园  mail: [email protected] ]

postgres=# EXPLAIN SELECT *     FROM sample

WHERE letter ='p';

                        QUERY PLAN                         

-----------------------------------------------------------

 Seq Scan on sample  (cost=0.00..14.64 rows=223 width=256)

   Filter: (letter = 'p'::text)

(2 rows)



postgres=# 



postgres=# EXPLAIN SELECT *

FROM sample

WHERE letter = 'd';

                              QUERY PLAN                               

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

 Bitmap Heap Scan on sample  (cost=4.29..14.24 rows=5 width=256)

   Recheck Cond: (letter = 'd'::text)

   ->  Bitmap Index Scan on i_sample  (cost=0.00..4.29 rows=5 width=0)

         Index Cond: (letter = 'd'::text)

(4 rows)

postgres=# 



postgres=# EXPLAIN SELECT *

FROM sample

WHERE letter = 'k';

                               QUERY PLAN                                

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Index Scan using i_sample on sample  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=256)

   Index Cond: (letter = 'k'::text)

(2 rows)

postgres=# 

数据分布很大(比如70%以上),用index scan 已经没有意义了,因为数据太多了。所以就不如用 全表扫描了。

数据分布较小(比如 1.7%),则用 bitmap index scan。数据更少的时候,用的是 index scan。

需要引起注意的是, bitmap index 也可以用在where 条件单一的时候。

结束

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